Effect of Process Parameters on the Properties of Clay-Based Composite Filter for Water Purification
Keywords:
Activated carbon, clay hybrid filter, coconut shell nanoparticle, water contamination, water purification
Abstract
Consumption of contaminated water causes disease infections which are highly contagious and can lead to loss of lives and reduction in life expectancy. More than half of Africans live in rural areas and these people have a larger share of an inadequate supply of safe drinking water. This study is aimed at producing a clay composite filter that will effectively remove contaminants from water and provide safe drinking water for rural dwellers. The materials, temperature and characterization stage of the filter production were considered. Activated carbon produced by carbonization of coconut shell and activation using lime juice and water was blended with micron size clay and coconut shell nano particle. The blend contains clay, activated carbon and coconut shell nanoparticle in the ratio 60: 30: 10, 60: 20: 20, 60: 10: 30, and 60: 0: 40, and then sintered at temperature of 700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, and 1000 °C. The surface area and pore size of the blends after firing were tested using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The microstructure and crystal structure were examined and determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) respectively. The results showed that the mix of 60: 10: 30, fired at 900 °C gave the best parameters for the production of clay filter with better flow rate, pore size, and pore volume measurements.
References
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Babangida, A., Aslanova, D., Elkiran, G., 2022. A research on relationship of environment and effect of water diseases in Nigeria. Journal Of Optoelectronics Laser, 41 (12): 267–273
Bello, S. A., Agunsoye J. O., Adebisi J. A., Kolawole F. O. and Hassan S. B. (2016). Physical Properties of Coconut Shell Nanoparticles. Kathmandu University; Journal of Science. Engineering and Technology, 12 (1): 63-79
Berg, P. A. (2015) The world's need for household water treatment, Journal of American Water Works Association, 107 (10): 36-44
Dong, Z., Sun, Q. and Zhang, W. (2021). Physical and Mechanical Properties of Clay After Heating in Different Oxygen Levels and Cooling with Different Methods. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-501548/v1
Dutra, L., Freitas, M., Grillet, A-C., Mendes, N. and Woloszyn, M. (2019). Microstructural Characterization of Porous Clay-Based Ceramic Composites. Materials, 12: 946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12060946
Erhuanga, E., Banda, M.M., Kiakubu, D., Kashim, I.B., Ogunjobi, B., Jurji, Z., Ayoola, I. and Soboyejo, W. (2021). Potential of ceramic and biosand water filters as low-cost point-of-use water treatment options for household use in Nigeria. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 11 (1): 126-140
Farrow, C., McBean, E, Huang, G., Yang, A. L., Wu, Y. C., Liu, Z., Dai, Z. N., Fu, H. Y., Cawtel, T. and Li, Y.P. (2018). Ceramic Water Filters: A Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technology to remove Bacteria from Drinking Water in Longhai City, Fujian Province, China. Journal of Environmental Informatics, 32 (2): 63-68
Gaudette, H. E. (1964). The Nature of Illite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 13 (1): 33–48
Gimba, C. E. and Turoti, M. (2008). Optimum Condition for Carbonisation of Coconut shells. Scientia Africana, 7 (4): 12-21
Hall, M., Tsang, S., Casey, S., Khan, M. and Yang, H. (2012). Synthesis, characterization and hygrothermal behaviour of mesoporous silica high-performance desiccants for relative humidity buffering in closed environments. Acta Mater. 60: 89–101
Ikumapayi, O.M. and Akinlabi, E.T. (2019). Image Processing and Particle Size Analysis of Coconut Shell Nanoparticles. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET). 10 (2): 2475–2482
Johari, I., Said, S., Abu, B., Bakar, B. H. and Ahmad, Z. (2010). Effect of the change of firing temperature on microstructure and physical properties of clay bricks from Beruas (Malaysia). Science of Sintering, 42 (2)
Kallman, E. N., Oyanedel-Craver, V. A. and Smith, J. A. (2011). Ceramic Filters Impregnated with Silver Nanoparticles for Point-of-Use Water Treatment in Rural Guatemala. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 137 (6): 407-415
Kolawole, F.O., Agunsoye, J. O., Bello, S. A., Adebisi, J. A., Okoye, O. C. and Hassan, S. B. (2016). Particle Size Analysis and Characterization of Cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) Stem Nanoparticles (CSNPs) via a Top-down Approach. Annals of Science and Technology B, 1 (1): 52-55
Mellor, J. E., Kallman, E., Oyanedel-Craver, V. and Smith, J. A. (2014). Comparison of Three Household Water Treatment Technologies in San Mateo Ixtatan, Guatemala. Journal of Environmental Engineering
Milheiro, F. A. C., Freire, M. N., Silva, A. G. P. and Holanda, J. N. F. (2005). Densification Behaviour of a red firing Brazilian Kaolinite clay. Ceramic International, 31: 757-763
Murphy, H., Sampson, M., McBean, E. and Farabakhsh, (2010a). Influence of household practices on the performance of clay pot water filters in rural Cambodia. Desalination. 252: 145-152
Murphy, H., McBean, E. and Farahbakhsh. (2010b). Microbial and chemical assessment of ceramic and biosand water filters in rural Cambodia. Water Science and Technology Water Supply, 10: 286.-295
Murphy, H., McBean, E. and Farahbakhsh, (2010c) A critical evaluation of two point-of-use water treatment technologies: Can they provide water that meets WHO drinking water guidelines? Journal of Water and Health, 8: 611-630
National Research Council (1999). Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants Washington, DC The National Academies Press
NBS UNICEF (2017). Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016– 17, Survey Findings Report. National Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Children’s Fund, Abuja, Nigeria.
Pagsuyoin, S. A., Santos, J. R., Latayan, J. S. and Barajas, J. R. (2015). A multi-attribute decision making approach to the selection of point-of-use water treatment. Environment Systems and Decisions. 35 (4): 437–452.
Perez-Vidal, A., Diaz-Gomez, J., Castellanos-Rozo, J. and Usaquen-Perilla, O. G. (2016). Long-term evaluation of the performance of four point-of-use water filters. Water Resources, 98: 176-182.
Santos, J., Pagsuyoin, S. A. and Latayan, J. (2016). A multi-criteria decision analysis framework for evaluating point-of-use water treatment technologies. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 18 (5): 1263–1279.
Saputro, E. A., Wulan, V. D. R., Winata, B. Y., Yogaswara, R. R. and Erliyanti, N. K. (2020). The process of activated carbon from coconut shells through chemical activation. Journal of Science and Technology, 9 (1): 23-28.
Toledo, R., dos Santos, D. R., Faria, R. T., Carrio, J. G., Auler, L. T. and Vargas, H. (2004). Gas release during clay firing and evolution of ceramic properties. Applications of Clay Science, 27: 151–157
UNICEF 2023. Goal 6: clean water and sanitation, Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. UNICEF Data. https://data.unicef.org/sdgs/goal-6-clean-water-sanitation/, Accessed 22/01/2023
United Nations (UN) (2023): Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all. UN Regional Information Center for Western Europe: https://unric.org/en/sdg-6/, Accessed 21/12/2023
WHO, African Region 2021. Water. WHO Regional Office for Africa: https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/water, Accessed 22/01/ 2023
WHO/UNICEF (2021): Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000 – 2020 Five years into the SDGs. Drinking Water UNICEF Data. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF): https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/app/uploads/2021/07/jmp-2021-wash-households-LAUNCH-VERSION.pdf, Accessed 20/05/2022
World Health Organization/ UNICEF (2014): Progress on drinking water and sanitation: 2014 update WHO; UNICEF
Xiao, G., Ye, Z., Xu, G., Zeng, J. and Zhang, L. (2021). Temperature Effect on Crack Evolution of Red Clay in Guilin. Water, 13 (21): 3025. Yusop, M. F. M., Ahmad, M. A., Rosli, N. A., Gonawan, F. N., and Abdullah, S. J., (2021). Scavenging malachite green dye from aqueous solution using durian peel based activated carbon. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 17: 95–103
Published
2025-04-28
How to Cite
engineering, J., & Adeyinka-Aderanti, A. (2025). Effect of Process Parameters on the Properties of Clay-Based Composite Filter for Water Purification. Journal of Engineering Research, 30(1), 50-65. Retrieved from http://jer.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/2540
Section
Articles
