It is my pleasure to introduce to you, Volume 29 No 1., March 2024 of the Journal of Engineering Research (JER). This edition publishes contributions on topics around the research works of Engineering (Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Systems and Geomatics).
JER is a referred, peer-reviewed and quarterly published international Journal with focus on basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied engineering, engineering technology and management. The Journal also encourages the submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in engineering and related fields as well as scientific commentaries.
The Journal has a very dedicated Editorial Board constituted of exceptional academics and practitioners. Journal of Engineering Research hereby invites authors from Nigeria and all over the world to submit original research papers for possible publication.
The manuscripts, which will be judged by qualified reviewers according to established criteria for technical merit, should represent completed original work embodying the results of extensive field, plant, laboratory or theoretical investigation, or new interpretations of existing problems.
Materials must be considered to have significant permanent value. In addition to technical acceptability, material should be presented clearly and concisely. Of importance is the description of the experimental procedures involved in the experiment (where applicable). It is very important that critical information about experimental conditions be included so that the work can be verified by other scientists and engineers.
More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained from: https://www.jer.unilag.edu. The journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide range of engineering, engineering science, engineering technology and engineering management. The JER will assure that rapid turnaround and publication of manuscripts will occur within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for JER readers.

Thank you.

Prof Kolawole Aiyesimoju
The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.

EDITORIAL PREFACE
It is my pleasure to introduce to you, Volume 28 Nos. 1-3, March to September 2023 of the Journal of Engineering Research (JER). This edition publishes contributions on topics around the research works of Engineering (Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Systems and Geomatics).
JER is a referred, peer-reviewed and quarterly published international Journal with focus on basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied engineering, engineering technology and management. The Journal also encourages the submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in engineering and related fields as well as scientific commentaries.
The Journal has a very dedicated Editorial Board constituted of exceptional academics and practitioners. Journal of Engineering Research hereby invites authors from Nigeria and all over the world to submit original research papers for possible publication.
The manuscripts, which will be judged by qualified reviewers according to established criteria for technical merit, should represent completed original work embodying the results of extensive field, plant, laboratory or theoretical investigation, or new interpretations of existing problems.
Materials must be considered to have significant permanent value. In addition to technical acceptability, material should be presented clearly and concisely. Of importance is the description of the experimental procedures involved in the experiment (where applicable). It is very important that critical information about experimental conditions be included so that the work can be verified by other scientists and engineers.
More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained from: https://www.jer.unilag.edu. The journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide range of engineering, engineering science, engineering technology and engineering management. The JER will assure that rapid turnaround and publication of manuscripts will occur within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for JER readers.

Thank you.

Prof Kolawole Aiyesimoju
The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.

It is my pleasure to introduce to you, Volume 27, Number 1, January to March 2022 of the Journal of Engineering Research (JER). This edition publishes contributions on topics around the research works of Engineering. The contributions in this volume include works from Electrical Electronics/Computer, Civil, Mechanical and Systems Engineering.
JER is a referred, peer-reviewed and quarterly published international Journal with focus on basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied engineering, engineering technology and management. The Journal also encourages the submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in engineering and related fields as well as scientific commentaries.
The Journal has a very dedicated Editorial Board constituted of exceptional academics and practitioners. Journal of Engineering Research hereby invites authors from Nigeria and all over the world to submit original research papers for possible publication.
The manuscripts, which will be judged by qualified reviewers according to established criteria for technical merit, should represent completed original work embodying the results of extensive field, plant, laboratory or theoretical investigation, or new interpretations of existing problems.
Materials must be considered to have significant permanent value. In addition to technical acceptability, material should be presented clearly and concisely. Of importance is the description of the experimental procedures involved in the experiment (where applicable). It is very important that critical information about experimental conditions be included so that the work can be verified by other scientists and engineers.
More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained from: https://www.jer.unilag.edu. The journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide range of engineering, engineering science, engineering technology and engineering management. The JER will assure that rapid turnaround and publication of manuscripts will occur within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for JER readers.

Thank you.

Prof Kolawole Aiyesimoju
The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.

EDITORIAL PREFACE
It is my pleasure to introduce to you, Volume 26 Number 1, October 2021 of the Journal of Engineering Research (JER). This edition publishes contributions on topics around the research works of Engineering. The contributions in this volume include works from Electrical Electronics/Computer, Civil, and Systems Engineering.
JER is a referred, peer-reviewed and quarterly published international Journal with focus on basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied engineering, engineering technology and management. The Journal also encourages the submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in engineering and related fields as well as scientific commentaries.
The Journal has a very dedicated Editorial Board constituted of exceptional academics and practitioners. Journal of Engineering Research hereby invites authors from Nigeria and all over the world to submit original research papers for possible publication.
The manuscripts, which will be judged by qualified reviewers according to established criteria for technical merit, should represent completed original work embodying the results of extensive field, plant, laboratory or theoretical investigation, or new interpretations of existing problems.
Materials must be considered to have significant permanent value. In addition to technical acceptability, material should be presented clearly and concisely. Of importance is the description of the experimental procedures involved in the experiment (where applicable). It is very important that critical information about experimental conditions be included so that the work can be verified by other scientists and engineers.
More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained from: https://www.jer.unilag.edu. The journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide range of engineering, engineering science, engineering technology and engineering management. The JER will assure that rapid turnaround and publication of manuscripts will occur within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for JER readers.

Thank you.

Prof Kolawole Aiyesimoju
The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.

EDITORIAL PREFACE
It is my pleasure to introduce to you, Volume 25 Number 3, September 2020 of the Journal of Engineering Research (JER). This edition publishes contributions on topics around the research works of Engineering and Biotechnology. It is published as a special collection of selected peer-reviewed articles from the Faculty of Engineering 2019 International Conference and regular articles as well. The contributions in this volume include works from Agricultural, Chemical, Electrical Electronics/Computer, Civil, Materials and Metallurgical, Systems Engineering, Surveying and Geoinformatics, and Biotechnology.
JER is a referred, peer-reviewed and quarterly published international Journal with focus on basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied engineering, engineering technology and management. The Journal also encourages the submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in engineering and related fields as well as scientific commentaries.
The Journal has a very dedicated Editorial Board constituted of exceptional academics and practitioners. Journal of Engineering Research hereby invites authors from Nigeria and all over the world to submit original research papers for possible publication.
The manuscripts, which will be judged by qualified reviewers according to established criteria for technical merit, should represent completed original work embodying the results of extensive field, plant, laboratory or theoretical investigation, or new interpretations of existing problems.
Materials must be considered to have significant permanent value. In addition to technical acceptability, material should be presented clearly and concisely. Of importance is the description of the experimental procedures involved in the experiment (where applicable). It is very important that critical information about experimental conditions be included so that the work can be verified by other scientists and engineers.
More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained from: https://www.jer.unilag.edu. The journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide range of engineering, engineering science, engineering technology and engineering management. The JER will assure that rapid turnaround and publication of manuscripts will occur within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for JER readers.

Thank you.

Prof Kolawole Aiyesimoju
The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.

EDITORIAL PREFACE
It is my pleasure to introduce to you, Volume 25 Nos. 1&2, March and June 2020 of the Journal
of Engineering Research (JER). This edition publishes contributions on topics around the
research works of Engineering and Environmental Sciences. It is published as a special
collection of selected peer-reviewed articles from the Faculty of Engineering 2019 International
Conference. The contributions in this volume include works from Agricultural, Biomedical,
Chemical, Electrical Electronics/Computer, Civil, Food, Mechanical, Materials and Metallurgical,
Systems Engineering, Surveying and Geoinformatics, and Architecture.
JER is a referred, peer-reviewed and quarterly published international Journal with focus on
basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions
on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running
experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied
engineering, engineering technology and management. The Journal also encourages the
submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in engineering and related
fields as well as scientific commentaries.
The Journal has a very dedicated Editorial Board constituted of exceptional academics and
practitioners. Journal of Engineering Research hereby invites authors from Nigeria and all over
the world to submit original research papers for possible publication.
The manuscripts, which will be judged by qualified reviewers according to established criteria for
technical merit, should represent completed original work embodying the results of extensive
field, plant, laboratory or theoretical investigation, or new interpretations of existing problems.
Materials must be considered to have significant permanent value. In addition to technical
acceptability, material should be presented clearly and concisely. Of importance is the
description of the experimental procedures involved in the experiment (where applicable). It is
very important that critical information about experimental conditions be included so that the work
can be verified by other scientists and engineers.
More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained
from: https://www.jer.unilag.edu. The journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide
range of engineering, engineering science, engineering technology and engineering
management. The JER will assure that rapid turnaround and publication of manuscripts will occur
within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be
a valuable resource for JER readers.
Thank you.

Prof Kolawole Aiyesimoju

The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.

EDITORIAL PREFACE
It is my pleasure to introduce to you, Volume 25 Nos. 1&2, March and June 2020 of the Journal of Engineering Research (JER). This edition publishes contributions on topics around the research works of Engineering and Environmental Sciences. It is published as a special collection of selected peer-reviewed articles from the Faculty of Engineering 2019 International Conference. The contributions in this volume include works from Agricultural, Biomedical, Chemical, Electrical Electronics/Computer, Civil, Food, Mechanical, Materials and Metallurgical, Systems Engineering, Surveying and Geoinformatics, and Architecture.
JER is a referred, peer-reviewed and quarterly published international Journal with a focus on basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied engineering, engineering technology and management. The Journal also encourages the submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in engineering and related fields as well as scientific commentaries.
The Journal has a very dedicated Editorial Board constituted of exceptional academics and practitioners. Journal of Engineering Research hereby invites authors from Nigeria and all over the world to submit original research papers for possible publication.
The manuscripts, which will be judged by qualified reviewers according to established criteria for technical merit, should represent completed original work embodying the results of extensive field, plant, laboratory or theoretical investigation, or new interpretations of existing problems.
Materials must be considered to have significant permanent value. In addition to technical acceptability, the material should be presented clearly and concisely. Of importance is the description of the experimental procedures involved in the experiment (where applicable). It is very important that critical information about experimental conditions be included so that the work can be verified by other scientists and engineers.
More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained from https://www.jer.unilag.edu.ng.  The journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide range of engineering, engineering science, engineering technology and engineering management. The JER will assure that rapid turnaround and publication of manuscripts will occur within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for JER readers.

Thank you.

Prof Kolawole Aiyesimoju
The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.

EDITORIAL PREFACE
It is my pleasure to introduce to you, volume 24 (Special Edition), Nos. 1&2, December 2019 of the Journal of Engineering Research (JER). This edition publishes contributions on topics around the research works of Late Emeritus Professor Vincent Olusegun Sowemimo Olunloyo (VOSO). It is published in honour of the late erudite scholar, VOSO. The contributions in this volume include flows in pipes, pipe walking, artificial nueral networks application, flows in walls, orthogonal collocation application, flow-induced vibrations and reservior modelling.
JER is a referred, peer-reviewed and quarterly published international Journal with focus on basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied engineering, engineering technology and management. The Journal also encourages the submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in engineering and related fields as well as scientific commentaries.
The Journal has a very dedicated Editorial Board constituted of exceptional academics and practitioners.
Journal of Engineering Research hereby invites authors from Nigeria and all over the world to submit original research papers for possible publication.
The manuscripts, which will be judged by qualified reviewers according to established criteria for technical merit, should represent completed original work embodying the results of extensive field, plant, laboratory or theoretical investigation, or new interpretations of existing problems.
Materials must be considered to have significant permanent value. In addition to technical acceptability, material should be presented clearly and concisely. Of particular importance is the description of the experimental procedures involved in the experiment (where applicable). It is very important that critical information about experimental conditions be included so that the work can be verified by other scientists and engineers.
More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained from: http://www.jer.unilag.edu. The journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide range of engineering, engineering science, engineering technology and engineering management. The JER will assure that rapid turnaround and publication of manuscripts will occur within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for JER readers and will stimulate further works in the research area of late VOSO.

Thank you.

Prof Kolawole Aiyesimoju
The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.

EDITORIAL PREFACE
It is my pleasure to introduce to you, volume 24 (Special Edition), Nos. 1&2, December 2019 of the Journal of Engineering Research (JER). This edition publishes contributions on topics around the research works of Late Emeritus Professor Vincent Olusegun Sowemimo Olunloyo (VOSO). It is published in honour of the late erudite scholar, VOSO. The contributions in this volume include flows in pipes, pipe walking, artificial nueral networks application, flows in walls, orthogonal collocation application, flow-induced vibrations and reservior modelling.
JER is a referred, peer-reviewed and quarterly published international Journal with focus on basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied engineering, engineering technology and management. The Journal also encourages the submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in engineering and related fields as well as scientific commentaries.
The Journal has a very dedicated Editorial Board constituted of exceptional academics and practitioners.
Journal of Engineering Research hereby invites authors from Nigeria and all over the world to submit original research papers for possible publication.
The manuscripts, which will be judged by qualified reviewers according to established criteria for technical merit, should represent completed original work embodying the results of extensive field, plant, laboratory or theoretical investigation, or new interpretations of existing problems.
Materials must be considered to have significant permanent value. In addition to technical acceptability, material should be presented clearly and concisely. Of particular importance is the description of the experimental procedures involved in the experiment (where applicable). It is very important that critical information about experimental conditions be included so that the work can be verified by other scientists and engineers.
More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained from: http://www.jer.unilag.edu. The journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide range of engineering, engineering science, engineering technology and engineering management. The JER will assure that rapid turnaround and publication of manuscripts will occur within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for JER readers and will stimulate further works in the research area of late VOSO.

Thank you.

Prof Kolawole Aiyesimoju
The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.

EDITORIAL PREFACE
It is my pleasure to introduce to you, volume 22, No. 1, June 2017 of the Journal of Engineering Research (JER). This edition publishes contributions on advanced drying technology, bimodal transportation, welding technology, recycling of wastes materials and strength of materials. It also includes studies on formalisms, methodologies and simulation tools that are intended to support the new, broader interpretation of geo-informatics engineering, energy performance evaluation and environment.
JER is a referred, peer-reviewed and quarterly published international Journal with focus on basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied engineering, engineering technology and management. The Journal also encourages the submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in engineering and related fields as well as scientific commentaries.
The Journal has a very dedicated Editorial Board constituted of exceptional academics and practitioners.
Journal of Engineering Research hereby invites you, authors from Nigeria and all over the world to submit original research papers for possible publication.
The manuscripts, which will be judged by qualified reviewers according to established criteria for technical merit, should represent completed original work embodying the results of extensive field, plant, laboratory or theoretical investigation, or new interpretations of existing problems.
Materials must be considered to have significant permanent value. In addition to technical acceptability, material should be presented clearly and concisely. Of particular importance is the description of the experimental procedures involved in the experiment (where applicable). It is very important that critical information about experimental conditions be included so that the work can be verified by other scientists and engineers.
More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained from: http://www.jer.unilag.edu . JER invites contributions from the entire international research community. The journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide range of engineering, engineering science, engineering technology and engineering management. The JER will assure that rap turnaround and publication of manuscripts will occur within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for JER readers and will stimulate further research.
Thank you,
Yours truly,

Prof David Esezobor
The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.
E-mail: jer@unilag.edu.ng & copy esezobordave@yahoo.com and
samsonoluropo@yahoo.com, ffalade@hotmail.com
Telephone: +23480232598 & +2347068644897

EDITORIAL PREFACE
It is my great pleasure to introduce to you to Volume 21  No 2, December 2016 of the Journal of Engineering Research (JER).  JER which was instituted in 1988, is a referred, peerreviewed and quarterly published international Journal with focus on basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied engineering, engineering technology and management.

The Journal also encourages the submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in
engineering and related fields as well as scientific commentaries. The Journal has attracted high quality research articles from the authority in the field, and is becoming increasingly more popular among our engineer profession colleagues. The very dedicated Editorial Board which is constituted of exceptional academics and practitioners is committed to build the Journal as one of the leading international journals in engineering, engineering science, engineering technology and engineering management in the next few years.

More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained from:
http://www.jer.unilag.edu. JER invites contributions from the entire international research community. The
journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide range of engineering, engineering science,
engineering technology and engineering management. The JER will assure that rap turnaround and
publication of manuscripts will occur within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine
collection of articles will be a valuable resource for JER readers and will stimulate further research.
Thank you,
Yours truly,

Prof David Esezobor
The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.
E-mail: jer@unilag.edu.ng & copy esezobordave@yahoo.com 

EDITORIAL PREFACE
It is my great pleasure to introduce to you to Volume 21  No 1, March 2016 of the Journal of Engineering Research (JER).  JER which was instituted in 1988, is a referred, peerreviewed and quarterly published international Journal with focus on basic and applied researches in engineering and its related disciplines. It publishes contributions on concepts, state of the art, all aspects of research, standards, implementations, running experiments, and industrial case studies as well as significant advances in basic and applied engineering, engineering technology and management. The Journal also encourages the submission of critical review articles covering the latest advances in engineering and related fields as well as scientific commentaries. 

More information about the JER guidelines for preparing and submitting papers may be obtained from: http://www.jer.unilag.edu. JER invites contributions from the entire international research community. The journal will continue to deliver up-to-date research to a wide range of engineering, engineering science,
engineering technology and engineering management. The JER will assure that rap turnaround and publication of manuscripts will occur within two to four months after submission. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for JER readers and will stimulate further research.
Thank you,
Yours truly,

Prof David Esezobor
The Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Engineering Research
Faculty of Engineering
University of Lagos Akoka Yaba Lagos
Nigeria.
E-mail: jer@unilag.edu.ng & copy esezobordave@yahoo.com