Characterization of Carrot (Daucus Carota) Slices During Oven Drying
Keywords:
Carrots, Oven Drying, Drying Curves, Thin Layer Dying Models, Thermodynamic Characteristics.
Abstract
This research investigated the drying properties of yellow carrots (Daucus Carota) using an oven dryer, with the potential to significantly improve the design of oven dryers. The study utilized the DS Memmert Universal oven UF55 dryer, drying 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5-mm thick carrot slices at 60, 70, and 80℃ temperatures. The variation in moisture content with time was recorded during dehydration to monitor the drying progress. The drying, drying rate, and Krischer curve plots were constructed using the recorded variation in moisture content over time. The study estimated the effective moisture diffusivities and dehydration activation energies of the carrots, as well as their thermodynamic properties, such as changes in Enthalpy (∆H), Entropy (∆S), and Gibbs free energy (∆G). Observations indicated that carrot slices achieved a moisture ratio (dry basis) below 0.1 after approximately 25 and 70 minutes of drying. The statistical analysis of the moisture ratio data revealed that all models fitted to the thin-layer drying model had a coefficient of determination ( ) value better than 0.99. The effective moisture diffusivity of the 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5-mm thick carrot slices, dehydrated at 60, 70 and 80℃, varied between 8.30E-09 to 6.78E-10 m2s-1. The study observed that the activation energy of dehydration varied between 3.2753E+04 and 2.3449E+04 J/mol for different slice sizes based on the moisture-content history data. The thermodynamic properties, such as changes in ∆H, ∆S, and ∆G, were subsequently estimated to range between 20,514.37 and 29,984.58 J.mol-1, -123.77 and -109.38 J.mol-1.K-1, and 66,407.83 and 64,204.92 J.mol-1, respectively. The data obtained from the study will prove beneficial in the specification, design, modelling, and operation of oven dryers.
References
Akinola, A. A. and Ezeorah, S. N., (2020), Some Thermodynamic Properties of White Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) Slices Dehydrated in a Refractance WindowTM Dryer. FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol 5, No. 1 (2020) pp 83 – 88 https://doi.org/10.46792/fuoyejet.v5i1.425
Akinola, A. A., Ejiogu, E.O. and Eleoranmo, O. O., (2020), Dehydration Characteristics of Taro Root (Colocasia Esculenta) Slices in a Refractance Window Dryer, Journal of Engineering and Technology. Vol 10 No 2 10(2) pp 121 - 140. Universti Teknikal Malaysia Malaka
Akinola, A. A., Ogunbayo, A. O., Olanipekun, O. O. and Abdulsalam, A., (2019) Dehydration Characteristics and Thermodynamic Properties of Unripe Green Plantain dried Using a Refractance WindowTM Dryer, Journal of the Nigerian Academy of Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2 pp 66-88
Akinola, A. A., Talabi, O. G. and Ezeorah, S, N., (2018), Effective Moisture Diffusivity and Activation Energy Estimation of Cucumber Fruit Slices Using a Refractance WindowTM Dryer, Journal of The Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago, (JAPETT) Vol.46, No.2, pp.11-16
Akinola, A. A. and Ezeorah, S. N., (2020), Some Thermodynamic Properties of White Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) Slices Dehydrated in a Refractance WindowTM Dryer. FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol 5, No. 1 (2020) pp 83 – 88 https://doi.org/10.46792/fuoyejet.v5i1.425
Akoy, E. O. M. (2014). Experimental characterization and modeling of thin-layer drying of mango slices. International food research journal, 21(5), 1911.
Akpinar, E. K., (2010), Drying of Mint Leaves in a Solar Dryer and Under Open Sun: Modelling, Performance Analyses, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 51, Iss. 12, p 2407-2418, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.05.005
Amagloh, F. K., Weber, J. L., Brough, L., Hardacre, A., Mutukumira, A. N., & Coad, J., (2012), Complementary food blends and malnutrition among infants in Ghana: a review and a proposed solution. Scientific Research and Essays, 7(9), 972-988 https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.1362
Chapman, P., (2009), India Food and Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine. New Holland Publishers.
Cihan, A., & Ece, M. C. (2001). Liquid diffusion model for intermittent drying of rough rice. Journal of Food Engineering, 49(4), 327-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(00)00230-2
Costa, C. F., Corrêa, P. C., Vanegas, J. D. B., Baptestini, F. M., Campos, R. C., & Fernandes, L. S. (2016). Mathematical modeling and determination of thermodynamic properties of jabuticaba peel during the drying process. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 20(6), 576-580. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n6p576-580
Crank J., (1975), The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 104 - 106.
da Silva Dias, J. C., (2014), Nutritional and health benefits of carrots and their seed extracts. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5(22), 2147. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2014.522227
Ding, H., & Liu, M. (2024). From root to seed: Unearthing the potential of carrot processing and comprehensive utilization. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(11), 8762-8778. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4542
Doymaz, I., (2004a), Effect Of Pre-Treatments Using Potassium Metabisulphite and Alkaline Ethyl Oleate on the Drying Kinetics of Apricots, Biosystems Engineering, 89, 281-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.07.009
El-Mesery, H. S., and Mwithiga, G., (2014), Mathematical Modelling of Thin Layer Drying Kinetics of Onion Slices Hot-Air Convection, Infrared Radiation and Combined Infrared-Convection Drying, Advances in Environmental Biology, pp 1-18.
El‐Mesery, H. S., Ashiagbor, K., Hu, Z., & Rostom, M. (2024). Mathematical modeling of thin‐layer drying kinetics and moisture diffusivity study of apple slices using infrared conveyor‐belt dryer. Journal of Food Science, 89(3), 1658-1671. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16967
Gavin, H., (2013), The Levenberg-Marquardt Method for Nonlinear Least Squares Curve-Fitting Problems, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. Retrieved January 08, 2015 from http://people.duke.edu/~hpgavin/ce281/lm.pdf
Grishin, E. V., Sukhikh, A. P., Lukyanchuk, N. N., Slobodyan, L. N., Lipkin, V. M., Ovchinnikov, Yu. A., and Sorokin, V. M. (1973). Amino acid sequence of neurotoxin II from Najanajaoxiana venom, FEBS Letters 36: 77-78 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(73)80340-0
Gupta, N. (2001), Cooking the UP Way, Orient Blackswan.
Haghi, A. K. and Ghanadzadeh, H., (2005), A Study of Thermal Drying Process. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, Vol. 12, November 2005, pp. 654-663.
Henderson, S. M. and Pabis, S., (1969), Grain Drying Theory I. Temperature Effect on Drying Coefficient, Journal of Agriculture Engineering Research, Vol. 6, Iss. 3, pp 169-174.
Jena, S. and Das H., (2007). Modelling for Vacuum Drying Characteristics of Coconut Presscake, Journal of Food Engineering, 79, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.032
Jideani, V. A., & Mpotokwana, S. M. (2009). Modeling of water absorption of Botswana bambara varieties using Peleg's equation. Journal of Food Engineering, 92(2), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.10.040
John, S. G., Sangamithra, A., Veerapandian, C., Sasikala, S. and Sanju, V., (2014), Mathematical Modelling of the Thin Layer Drying of Banana Blossoms, Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering, 1(2), 00008. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnhfe.2014.01.00008
Joshi, P. N., & Nande, P. J. (2024). Diabetes Management: A Journey To Wellness through Nutrition and Lifestyle Choices. Notion Press.
Karathanos, V. T., (1999), Determination of Water Content of Dried Fruits by Drying Kinetics, Journal of Food Engineering, 39, 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(98)00132-0
Kemp, I. C., Fyhr, B. C., Laurent, S., Roques, M. A., Groenewold, C. E., Tsotsas, E., Sereno, A. A., Bonazzi, C. B., Bimbenet, J. J. and Kind, M., (2001), Methods for processing experimental drying kinetics data. Drying Technology, 19(1), pp.15-34. https://doi.org/10.1081/DRT-100001350
Lopez A., Iguaz A., Esnoz A., Virseda P., (2000), Thin-layer drying behaviour of vegetable waste from wholesale market, Drying Technology 18: 995-1006 https://doi.org/10.1080/07373930008917749
Machewad, G.M., Kulkarni, D.N., Pawar,V. D. and Surve., V. D., (2003), Studies on Dehydration of Carrot, Journal of Food Science and Technology 40: 406-408.
Muhlbauer, W., & Muller, J. (2020). Drying atlas: Drying kinetics and quality of agricultural products. Woodhead Publishing.
Nwakuba, N. R., Okafor, V. C., Abba, E. C., & Nwandikom, G. I. (2018). Thin-layer drying kinetics of fish in a hybrid solar-charcoal dryer. Nigeria Agricultural Journal, 49(1), 46-56.
Ogunnaike, B. A. (2009). Random phenomena: fundamentals of probability and statistics for engineers. CRC Press.
Page, G. E., (1949), Factors Influencing the Maximum Rates of Air Drying of Shelled Corn in Thin Layer, M.Sc. Thesis, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA.
Pala, M., Mahmutoǧlu, T., & Saygi, B. (1996). Effects of Pretreatments on the Quality of Open‐Air And Solar Dried Apricots, Food/Nahrung, 40(3), 137-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.19960400308
Pereira W, Silva CMDPS, Gama FJA. 2014. Mathematical models to describe thin layer drying and to determine drying rate of whole bananas. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 13(1):67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2013.01.003
Reyes, A., Alvarez, P. I., & Marquardt, F. H. (2002). Drying of carrots in a fluidized bed. I. Effects of drying conditions and modelling. Drying Technology, 20(7), 1463-1483. https://doi.org/10.1081/DRT-120005862
Rubatzky, V. E., Quiros, C. F., & Simon, P. W. (1999). Carrots and Related Vegetable Umbelliferae, CABI publishing.
Sanful, R. E., Addo, A., Oduro, I., & Ellis, W. O. (2015). Air drying characteristics of aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera). Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology (SJET), 3(8), 693-700.
Seremet, L., Botez, E., Nistor, O. V., Andronoiu, D. G., & Mocanu, G. D. (2016). Effect of different drying methods on moisture ratio and rehydration of pumpkin slices. Food chemistry, 195, 104-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.125
Taheri-Garavand, A., Rafiee, S., & Keyhani, A. (2011). Effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy of tomato in thin layer dryer during hot air drying. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 2(2), 239-248.
Togrul, I. T. and Pehlivan, D., (2003), Modelling of Drying Kinetics of Single Apricot, Journal of Food Engineering., Vol. 58, pp 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00329-1
Tunde-Akintunde, T. Y., and Afon, A. A., (2010), Modeling of Hot-Air Drying of Pretreated Cassava Chips, AgricEngInt: CIGR Journal, 2010, Vol. 12, Iss. 2, pp 34－41.
Upadhyay, A., Sharma, H. K., & Sarkar, B. C., (2008), Characterization and Dehydration Kinetics of Carrot Pomace, Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR EJournal.
USFDA, (2008), Vegetable, Nutrition Facts, U. S. Food and Drug Administration Poster. (January 2008).
Wang, W., Yan, Y., & Pan, Z. (2024). Drying characteristics and thin layer drying model of semi-mature rice paper. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, 39(2), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2023-0077
Zielinska, M., & Markowski, M. (2010). Air drying characteristics and moisture diffusivity of carrots. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 49(2), 212-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2009.12.005
Zogzas, N. P., & Maroulis, Z. B. (1996). Effective moisture diffusivity estimation from drying data. A comparison between various methods of analysis. Drying Technology, 14(7-8), 1543-1573. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373939608917163
Zogzas, N. P., Maroulis, Z. B., & Marinos-Kouris, D. (1996). Moisture diffusivity data compilation in foodstuffs. Drying technology, 14(10), 2225-2253. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373939608917205
Akinola, A. A., Ejiogu, E.O. and Eleoranmo, O. O., (2020), Dehydration Characteristics of Taro Root (Colocasia Esculenta) Slices in a Refractance Window Dryer, Journal of Engineering and Technology. Vol 10 No 2 10(2) pp 121 - 140. Universti Teknikal Malaysia Malaka
Akinola, A. A., Ogunbayo, A. O., Olanipekun, O. O. and Abdulsalam, A., (2019) Dehydration Characteristics and Thermodynamic Properties of Unripe Green Plantain dried Using a Refractance WindowTM Dryer, Journal of the Nigerian Academy of Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2 pp 66-88
Akinola, A. A., Talabi, O. G. and Ezeorah, S, N., (2018), Effective Moisture Diffusivity and Activation Energy Estimation of Cucumber Fruit Slices Using a Refractance WindowTM Dryer, Journal of The Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago, (JAPETT) Vol.46, No.2, pp.11-16
Akinola, A. A. and Ezeorah, S. N., (2020), Some Thermodynamic Properties of White Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) Slices Dehydrated in a Refractance WindowTM Dryer. FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol 5, No. 1 (2020) pp 83 – 88 https://doi.org/10.46792/fuoyejet.v5i1.425
Akoy, E. O. M. (2014). Experimental characterization and modeling of thin-layer drying of mango slices. International food research journal, 21(5), 1911.
Akpinar, E. K., (2010), Drying of Mint Leaves in a Solar Dryer and Under Open Sun: Modelling, Performance Analyses, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 51, Iss. 12, p 2407-2418, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.05.005
Amagloh, F. K., Weber, J. L., Brough, L., Hardacre, A., Mutukumira, A. N., & Coad, J., (2012), Complementary food blends and malnutrition among infants in Ghana: a review and a proposed solution. Scientific Research and Essays, 7(9), 972-988 https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.1362
Chapman, P., (2009), India Food and Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine. New Holland Publishers.
Cihan, A., & Ece, M. C. (2001). Liquid diffusion model for intermittent drying of rough rice. Journal of Food Engineering, 49(4), 327-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(00)00230-2
Costa, C. F., Corrêa, P. C., Vanegas, J. D. B., Baptestini, F. M., Campos, R. C., & Fernandes, L. S. (2016). Mathematical modeling and determination of thermodynamic properties of jabuticaba peel during the drying process. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 20(6), 576-580. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n6p576-580
Crank J., (1975), The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 104 - 106.
da Silva Dias, J. C., (2014), Nutritional and health benefits of carrots and their seed extracts. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5(22), 2147. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2014.522227
Ding, H., & Liu, M. (2024). From root to seed: Unearthing the potential of carrot processing and comprehensive utilization. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(11), 8762-8778. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4542
Doymaz, I., (2004a), Effect Of Pre-Treatments Using Potassium Metabisulphite and Alkaline Ethyl Oleate on the Drying Kinetics of Apricots, Biosystems Engineering, 89, 281-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.07.009
El-Mesery, H. S., and Mwithiga, G., (2014), Mathematical Modelling of Thin Layer Drying Kinetics of Onion Slices Hot-Air Convection, Infrared Radiation and Combined Infrared-Convection Drying, Advances in Environmental Biology, pp 1-18.
El‐Mesery, H. S., Ashiagbor, K., Hu, Z., & Rostom, M. (2024). Mathematical modeling of thin‐layer drying kinetics and moisture diffusivity study of apple slices using infrared conveyor‐belt dryer. Journal of Food Science, 89(3), 1658-1671. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16967
Gavin, H., (2013), The Levenberg-Marquardt Method for Nonlinear Least Squares Curve-Fitting Problems, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. Retrieved January 08, 2015 from http://people.duke.edu/~hpgavin/ce281/lm.pdf
Grishin, E. V., Sukhikh, A. P., Lukyanchuk, N. N., Slobodyan, L. N., Lipkin, V. M., Ovchinnikov, Yu. A., and Sorokin, V. M. (1973). Amino acid sequence of neurotoxin II from Najanajaoxiana venom, FEBS Letters 36: 77-78 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(73)80340-0
Gupta, N. (2001), Cooking the UP Way, Orient Blackswan.
Haghi, A. K. and Ghanadzadeh, H., (2005), A Study of Thermal Drying Process. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, Vol. 12, November 2005, pp. 654-663.
Henderson, S. M. and Pabis, S., (1969), Grain Drying Theory I. Temperature Effect on Drying Coefficient, Journal of Agriculture Engineering Research, Vol. 6, Iss. 3, pp 169-174.
Jena, S. and Das H., (2007). Modelling for Vacuum Drying Characteristics of Coconut Presscake, Journal of Food Engineering, 79, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.032
Jideani, V. A., & Mpotokwana, S. M. (2009). Modeling of water absorption of Botswana bambara varieties using Peleg's equation. Journal of Food Engineering, 92(2), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.10.040
John, S. G., Sangamithra, A., Veerapandian, C., Sasikala, S. and Sanju, V., (2014), Mathematical Modelling of the Thin Layer Drying of Banana Blossoms, Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering, 1(2), 00008. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnhfe.2014.01.00008
Joshi, P. N., & Nande, P. J. (2024). Diabetes Management: A Journey To Wellness through Nutrition and Lifestyle Choices. Notion Press.
Karathanos, V. T., (1999), Determination of Water Content of Dried Fruits by Drying Kinetics, Journal of Food Engineering, 39, 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(98)00132-0
Kemp, I. C., Fyhr, B. C., Laurent, S., Roques, M. A., Groenewold, C. E., Tsotsas, E., Sereno, A. A., Bonazzi, C. B., Bimbenet, J. J. and Kind, M., (2001), Methods for processing experimental drying kinetics data. Drying Technology, 19(1), pp.15-34. https://doi.org/10.1081/DRT-100001350
Lopez A., Iguaz A., Esnoz A., Virseda P., (2000), Thin-layer drying behaviour of vegetable waste from wholesale market, Drying Technology 18: 995-1006 https://doi.org/10.1080/07373930008917749
Machewad, G.M., Kulkarni, D.N., Pawar,V. D. and Surve., V. D., (2003), Studies on Dehydration of Carrot, Journal of Food Science and Technology 40: 406-408.
Muhlbauer, W., & Muller, J. (2020). Drying atlas: Drying kinetics and quality of agricultural products. Woodhead Publishing.
Nwakuba, N. R., Okafor, V. C., Abba, E. C., & Nwandikom, G. I. (2018). Thin-layer drying kinetics of fish in a hybrid solar-charcoal dryer. Nigeria Agricultural Journal, 49(1), 46-56.
Ogunnaike, B. A. (2009). Random phenomena: fundamentals of probability and statistics for engineers. CRC Press.
Page, G. E., (1949), Factors Influencing the Maximum Rates of Air Drying of Shelled Corn in Thin Layer, M.Sc. Thesis, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA.
Pala, M., Mahmutoǧlu, T., & Saygi, B. (1996). Effects of Pretreatments on the Quality of Open‐Air And Solar Dried Apricots, Food/Nahrung, 40(3), 137-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.19960400308
Pereira W, Silva CMDPS, Gama FJA. 2014. Mathematical models to describe thin layer drying and to determine drying rate of whole bananas. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 13(1):67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2013.01.003
Reyes, A., Alvarez, P. I., & Marquardt, F. H. (2002). Drying of carrots in a fluidized bed. I. Effects of drying conditions and modelling. Drying Technology, 20(7), 1463-1483. https://doi.org/10.1081/DRT-120005862
Rubatzky, V. E., Quiros, C. F., & Simon, P. W. (1999). Carrots and Related Vegetable Umbelliferae, CABI publishing.
Sanful, R. E., Addo, A., Oduro, I., & Ellis, W. O. (2015). Air drying characteristics of aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera). Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology (SJET), 3(8), 693-700.
Seremet, L., Botez, E., Nistor, O. V., Andronoiu, D. G., & Mocanu, G. D. (2016). Effect of different drying methods on moisture ratio and rehydration of pumpkin slices. Food chemistry, 195, 104-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.125
Taheri-Garavand, A., Rafiee, S., & Keyhani, A. (2011). Effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy of tomato in thin layer dryer during hot air drying. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 2(2), 239-248.
Togrul, I. T. and Pehlivan, D., (2003), Modelling of Drying Kinetics of Single Apricot, Journal of Food Engineering., Vol. 58, pp 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00329-1
Tunde-Akintunde, T. Y., and Afon, A. A., (2010), Modeling of Hot-Air Drying of Pretreated Cassava Chips, AgricEngInt: CIGR Journal, 2010, Vol. 12, Iss. 2, pp 34－41.
Upadhyay, A., Sharma, H. K., & Sarkar, B. C., (2008), Characterization and Dehydration Kinetics of Carrot Pomace, Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR EJournal.
USFDA, (2008), Vegetable, Nutrition Facts, U. S. Food and Drug Administration Poster. (January 2008).
Wang, W., Yan, Y., & Pan, Z. (2024). Drying characteristics and thin layer drying model of semi-mature rice paper. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, 39(2), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2023-0077
Zielinska, M., & Markowski, M. (2010). Air drying characteristics and moisture diffusivity of carrots. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 49(2), 212-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2009.12.005
Zogzas, N. P., & Maroulis, Z. B. (1996). Effective moisture diffusivity estimation from drying data. A comparison between various methods of analysis. Drying Technology, 14(7-8), 1543-1573. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373939608917163
Zogzas, N. P., Maroulis, Z. B., & Marinos-Kouris, D. (1996). Moisture diffusivity data compilation in foodstuffs. Drying technology, 14(10), 2225-2253. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373939608917205
Published
2025-03-13
How to Cite
engineering, J., & Akinola, A. (2025). Characterization of Carrot (Daucus Carota) Slices During Oven Drying. Journal of Engineering Research, 29(4), 15-30. Retrieved from http://jer.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/2419
Section
Articles
