Assessment of on-site wastewater treatment in Urban Coastal Area of Lagos Island, Lagos State, Nigeria
Keywords:
coastal area, on-site wastewater treatment, septic tank, wastewater
Abstract
On-site wastewater management is a system being used to manage most of the domestic wastewater in all sectors of a
nation’s economy where central wastewater treatment is not available. It is assumed that this system proffers treatment
solution to the domestic wastewater in the households that do not have the central wastewater treatment plant. Hence,
there is need to assess the On-site Wastewater Treatment (OSWT) in urban coastal areas of Lagos Island, Lagos State,
in order to know the quality of the effluents being discharged into porous media with high water table. The following
parameters, Acidity or alkalinity (pH), Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Ammonium Nitrogen (NH4-N), NitrateNitrogen (NO3N), Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N),Phosphate (PO4-P) and Total Coliforms, were tested for. Results revealed
that the average values recorded for TSS, BOD, COD, TN, NH4-N, NO3-N and PO4-P are 68.85, 142, 345.9, 56.6, 49.21,
0.19, 14.14 mg/L respectively, while the Total Coliform has 2.13E+08 col/100 mL. The values recorded for BOD, COD and
Total Coliform are above the recommended values allowed by World Health Organisation (WHO) for the effluent
discharge into the environment, this will be a threat to groundwater in the area.
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Longe, E. O., Kehinde, M. O., Sodamade, G. A. and Omotoso, O. B. (2009). Appraisal of sanitation facilities in selected
rural coastal communities of Lagos State. Journal of Engineering Research,14(1), 58-68.
Longe, E. O and Yaya, F. M. (2015). Assessment of water and sanitation service levels in 20 rural communities of Amuwo
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and Science, 2(6), 53-61.
Looker, N. (1998). Municipal Wastewater Management in Latin America and the Caribbean, R.J. Burnside International
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Mbeguere, M., Gning, J. B. and Kone, D. (2010). Socio-economic profile and profitability of faecal sludge emptying
companies. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 54(12), 1288-1295.
Nnajia, C. C. and Agunwamba, J. C. (2012). A rational approach to septic tank design. Nigerian Journal of Technology,
31(1), 68-78.
Otis, R. J., Boyle, W. C. and Sauer, D. K. (1974). The performance of household wastewater treatment units under field
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S806349Regent of the University of Minnesota: 2010
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Siegrist, R.L. (1987). Hydraulic loading rates for soil absorption systems based on wastewater quality. On-Site
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Sodamade, G., Longe, E., and Sangodoyin, A. (2014). Depth and performance evaluation of a laboratory scale sand
filtration for wastewater treatment. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Science, 38(2), 209-216
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (1980). Design Manual – On-site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal
Systems. Office of Water Program Operations, Office of Research and Development - Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory. Doc. # EPA 625/1-80-012.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), (2002). On-site wastewater treatment systems manual, Chaps. 1 and 4,
U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C., 6–34. U.S.
Vaidya, S. D. and Raut, V. R. (2015). Alternative On-Site Systems for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Disposal: A
Review. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 4(7), 1234-1237
World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2017). Progress on Drinking Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Accessed August 27, 2019 @
https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_96611.html
World Health Organisation (WHO) and UN-Habitat (2018). Progress on safe treatment and use of wastewater: piloting
the monitoring methodology and initial findings for SDG indicator 6.3.1. Accessed August 15, 2019 @
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/275967/9789241514897-eng.pdf?ua=1
Street, NW. Washington, DC. 20001-37110.
Assayed,A. K., Dalahmeh, S. S. and Suleiman, W. T. (2010). On-site greywater treatment using septic tank followed by
intermittent sand filter – A case study of Abu Al Farth village in Jordan, International Journal of Chemical and
Environmental Engineering, 1(1), 67-71.
Crites, R. W. and Tchobanoglous, G. (1998). Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems. McGraw - Hill
Series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering. Publisher: McGraw - Hill College, Blacklick, Ohio.
EPA. (2002). On-site wastewater treatment manual.
http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/625r00008/htm/625R00008.htm).
FEPA, (1991). Guidelines and Standard for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria, pp.238.
Hounkpe, S.P., Adjovi, E.C., Crapper, M. and Awuah, E. (2014). Wastewater Management in Third World Cities: Case
Study of Cotonou, Benin. Journal of Environmental Protection, 5, 387-399
India Department of Environmental Management (2008). Nitrates, Groundwater and On-site sewage systems in Indiana.
A report to the Legislature, Indiana State Department of Health. 30pp.
Longe, E. O., Kehinde, M. O., Sodamade, G. A. and Omotoso, O. B. (2009). Appraisal of sanitation facilities in selected
rural coastal communities of Lagos State. Journal of Engineering Research,14(1), 58-68.
Longe, E. O and Yaya, F. M. (2015). Assessment of water and sanitation service levels in 20 rural communities of Amuwo
Odofin and Ojo Local Government Areas of Lagos State, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Engineering
and Science, 2(6), 53-61.
Looker, N. (1998). Municipal Wastewater Management in Latin America and the Caribbean, R.J. Burnside International
Limited, Published for Roundtable on Municipal Water for the Canadian Environment Industry Association,
1998.
Mbeguere, M., Gning, J. B. and Kone, D. (2010). Socio-economic profile and profitability of faecal sludge emptying
companies. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 54(12), 1288-1295.
Nnajia, C. C. and Agunwamba, J. C. (2012). A rational approach to septic tank design. Nigerian Journal of Technology,
31(1), 68-78.
Otis, R. J., Boyle, W. C. and Sauer, D. K. (1974). The performance of household wastewater treatment units under field
conditions. Proceedings of the National Home Sewage Disposal Symposium. American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, St. Joseph, Ml, 191-201.
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), (1982). Final Report – Oregon On-Site Experimental Systems
Program. Final Report, US EPA Water Pollution Control Research Demonstration and Development Grant No.
S806349Regent of the University of Minnesota: 2010
Rose, G. D. (1999). Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Options for Urban
Agriculture. N. C. Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance, CFP Report Series: Report 27,
1999.
Scott, C. A., Faruqui, N. I. and Raschid-Sally, I. (2004). Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture Management Challenges
in Developing Countries. In Scott C. A. et al. (Eds) Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the
Livelihood and Environmental Realities. Pp 2-3, Oxfordshire, UK: IDRC and CABI
Siegrist, R.L. (1987). Hydraulic loading rates for soil absorption systems based on wastewater quality. On-Site
Wastewater Treatment: Proceedings of the Fifth National Symposium on Individual and Small Community
Sewage Systems. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE), St. Joseph MI. p 232-241.
Sodamade, G., Longe, E., and Sangodoyin, A. (2014). Depth and performance evaluation of a laboratory scale sand
filtration for wastewater treatment. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Science, 38(2), 209-216
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (1980). Design Manual – On-site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal
Systems. Office of Water Program Operations, Office of Research and Development - Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory. Doc. # EPA 625/1-80-012.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), (2002). On-site wastewater treatment systems manual, Chaps. 1 and 4,
U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C., 6–34. U.S.
Vaidya, S. D. and Raut, V. R. (2015). Alternative On-Site Systems for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Disposal: A
Review. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 4(7), 1234-1237
World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2017). Progress on Drinking Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Accessed August 27, 2019 @
https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_96611.html
World Health Organisation (WHO) and UN-Habitat (2018). Progress on safe treatment and use of wastewater: piloting
the monitoring methodology and initial findings for SDG indicator 6.3.1. Accessed August 15, 2019 @
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/275967/9789241514897-eng.pdf?ua=1
Published
2020-03-30
How to Cite
Sodamade, G., Longe, E., & Balogun-Adeleye, R. (2020). Assessment of on-site wastewater treatment in Urban Coastal Area of Lagos Island, Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Engineering Research, 25(1), 21-28. Retrieved from http://jer.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/979
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