A Review on Mechanics of Impacts on Steel Plates
Keywords:
Damage mechanics, minimum and critical energy for perforation, residual velocity, ballistic limit and force time-histories
Abstract
This paper is a review of research works carried out within the last three centuries, describing the physical phenomenon that ensues when low and high velocity projectiles/missiles impact upon steel plates. It reviews the various developments in the experimental, analytical and computational models employed in evaluating local and global impact responses; work required for plastic deformation; minimum energy required for perforation as well as the determination of residual projectile velocities. It shows how an understanding of the material as well as the fracture mechanics of impact plays a crucial role in facilitating the accurate analytical and numerical predictions of impact phenomena.
References
Aliyu, O. (2019). Design Recommendations for Steel Beams to Prevent Brittle Fracture. Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, 16 (2): 78-84.
Alves, M. and Jones, N. (2002) Impact Failure of Beams Using Damage Mechanics Part II Application. 27 (8): 863-890.
Albrecht, M.C., Nuchtshem, C.J., Albrecht, T.A. and Cook, R.D. (2013). Experimental Dimensional Analysis. Technometric, 55 (50).
Anderson Jr, C.E., Mullin, S.A. and Kuhlman, C.J. (1993). Computer simulation of strain rate effects in replica scale model penetration experiments. Int. J. Impact Engng 13: 35-52.
Anderson and Bodner (1988). Balistic Impact: The Status of Analytical and Numerical Modelling. International Jorunal of Impact Engineering.
Arias, A., Rodriguez-Martinez, JR., Rusknek, A. (2008). Numerical simulations of impact behaviour of thin steel plates subject to cylindrical conical and hemispherical non- deformable projectiles. Eng. Fract. Mech., 6 (75):1635-56.
Awerbuch, J. and Bunder, S.R. (1974). Analysis of the mechanics of perforation of thing plates by hemispherically tipped projectile. Int J Solid Structures 10: 671-684
Awerbuch, J. (1970). A mechanics approach to projectile penetration Israel J. Tech 8: 375- 383.
Baker, JF. (1943). The design of war time structures. The Civil Engineer at war, Inst of Civil Engrs, Vol 3.
Bangash, M.Y.H. (1993). Impact and Explosion: Structural Analysis and Design. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Backman, M.E. and Goldsmith, W. (1978). The mechanics of penetration of projectiles into targes. Int. J. Engrg. Sci. 16: 1-99.
Bangash, M.Y.H. (2009) Shock Impact and Explosions Structural Analysis and design London UK.
Ben-Dor, G., Dubinsky, A., Elperin, T. (2006). Effects of air gaps on the ballistic ressitance of ductile shields perorated by non-conical impators. Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 1 (2): 279-299.
Ben-Dor, G., Dubinsky, A., Elperin, T. (2010). Effect of layering on ballistic properties of metallic shields against sharp-nosed rigid projectiles. Eng. Fract. Mech., 77: 2791-9.
Booth, E., Collier, D. and Miles, J.C. (1983) In structural crash worthiness (Jones, N and Wierzbicki,T. (ed)) Butterworth: 136-174.
Borvik, T., Langseth, M., Hopperstad, O.S., Malo, K.A. (1999). Ballistic Penetration of Steel Plates. Int. J. Impact Engng, 22: 855-886.
Borvik, T., Hopperstad, O.S., Langseht, M., Malo, K.A. (2003). Effect of Target Thickness in Blunt Projectile Penetration of Weldox 460E Steel Plates. Int. J. Impact Eng. , 4(28): 413-464.
Borvik, T., Langseth, M., Hopperstad, O.S., Malo, K.A. (2001). Perforation of 12mm thick steel plates by 20mm diameter projectiles with flat, hemispherical and conical noses part I: Experimental study. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 27: 19-35.
Chen, X., Li, Q.M. (2003). Plugging and perforation of ductile circular plates struct by a blunt projectile. Int. J. Impact Eng. , 5 (28): 513-536.
Christopherson, D.G. (1946) Structural Defence Ministry of Home Security, Research and Experiment Department, R.C 450.
Christoforous, A.P., Yigit, A.S., Majeed, M. (2013). Low Impact Velocity Impact Response for Structures with Local Plastic Deformation: Characterization and Scalling. Journal of Computational Nonlinear Dynamic, 8: 011012-1.
Corbett, G.G. and Reid, S.R. (1993). Quasi-Static and dynamic local loading of monolithic simply-supported steel
plates. Int. J. impact Engng 13: 432-441
Corbett, G.G., Reid, S.R. and Johnosn, W. (1996). The impact loading of plates by free flying projectiles: A review. Int. J. Impact Engng 2 (18): 141-230.
Corran, R.S.J., Shadbolt, P.J., Ruiz, C. (1983). Impact loading of plates - an experimental investigation. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1 (1): 3-22.
Dallard, P.R.B. and Miles, J.C. (1984). In structural impact and crash worthiness. Marton, J. (ed) Elsevier Applied Science 2: 379-382.
De Rauvray, A., Arnaudeau, F., Duios, J., Chedmal, F.J and Haug, E. (1984). In Structural Impact and Crashworthiness. (Davies, G.A.O. ed) Elsevier Applied Science 1: 193- 242.
Dey, S., Borvik, T., Hopperstad, O.S., Leinum, JR., Langseht, M. (2004). The effect of target strenght on the perforation of steel plates uing three different nose shapes. Int. J. Impact Eng.,30: 1005-1038.
Dey, S., Borvik, T., Teng, X., Wierzbicki, T., Hopperstad, O.S. (2007). On the ballistic resistance of doublelayered steel plates: An experimental and numerical Invesigation. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 6701-6723.
Duffel, T.A., Cheresh, M.C. and Surtherland, S.H. (1984). Experimental invesitigation of scalling laws for punchimpact
loaded structures. Int. J. Impact Engng., 2: 103-117.
Feyel, F. and Chaboche, J.L. (2000). FE2 Multiscale approch for modelling the elastoviscoplastic behaviour of long fiber SiC/Ti composite materials. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 183(3-4): 309-330.
Goldsmith, W. and Finnegan, S.A. (1971). Penetration and perforation process in metal targets at and above ballistic velocities. Int J. Mech Sci. 13: 843-866.
Iqbal, M.A., Gupta, N.K . (2008). Energy absoption characteristuc of aluminum plates subject to projectile impact. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 5 (4): 259-87.
Johnson, W. (1972). Impact strength of materials. London: Edward Arnold.
Jonas, G.H and Zukas, A.J. (1978). Mechanics of penetration: analysis and experiment. Int. J. Engng Sci., 16: 879- 904.
Jones, N. (1993c). Recent Studies on the Response of Structures Subject to Large Impact Loads. The Society of Naval and Architecture and Marine Engineers and The Ship Structure Committee Symposium '93.
Jones, N. (1984). In structural impact and crash worthiness. Davies G.O (ed) Elsevier Applied Science 2: 369-382.
Jones, N., Birch, R.S., Duan, R. (2008). Low velocity perforation of mild steel rectangular plates with projectiles having different shaped impact faces. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 130(3): 031206-1-031206-8.
Jones, N. and Paik, J.K. (2012). Impact Perforation of Steel Plates. Ships and offshore structures.
Kane, A., Borvik, T., Hopperstad, O.S., Langsethe, M. (2009). Finite Element Anlaysis of Plugging Faliure in Steel Plates Struck by Blnt Projectiles. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 76: 0513021- 1.
Kar, A.K. (1978a). Impact load for tornado generated missile Nuclear Engineering and Design 47 (1): 107-114.
Kar, A.K. (1978b). Loading time history for tornado generated missile. Nuclear Engineering and Design 141 (3): 375-385.
Karamnejad, A. and Sluys, L.J. (2014) Modeling Concrete Under High Frequency Loading Using a Multi-Scale Method. Computational Modeling of Concrete Structures Taylor and Fanccies Group, ISBN 978-1-138- 00145-9.
Kouznetsova, V., Brekelmans, W. A. M. and Baaijens, F.P.T. (2001). An approach to micro-macro modelling of heterogeneous materials. Compuatational Mechanics, 27 (1): 37-48.
Levy, N. and Goldsmith, W. (1984). Normal impact and perforation for thin plates by hemispherically tipped projectile Int J Impact Engng., 2: 209-229.
Levy, N. and Goldsmith, W. (1984). Normal impact and perforation for thin plates by hemispherically tipped projectile. Int J Impact Engng., 2: 299-234.
Li, Q.M., Reid, S.R., Wen, H.M. and Telford, A.R. (2005). Local Impact Effects of Hard Missile on Concrete Targets. International Journal of Impact Engineering 32: 224- 284.
Liang, C.C., Yang, M.F., Wu, P.W., Teng, T.L. (2005). Resistance of prformace of multi-layered targents using an estimation procedure with marine application. Ocean Engineering, 32(3- 4): 441-468.
Mohotti, D., Ali, M., Ngo, T., Lu, J., Mendis, P., Dong, R. (2013). Out-of-Plane Impact resistance of Aluminium Plates Subjected to Low Velocity Impacts. Material and Design, 50: 413-426.
Muncaster, R. (1993) A level physics (4th edition) Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd
Mughal, M.A., Smith, S.J. and Roberts, A.C. (1994). Design Guide for Structures Subject to Impulse and Impactive Loads.
Neilson, A.J. (1980). Missile Impact on Metal Structures. Nuclear Energy 19 (3): 191-198.
Neilson, A.J. (1983). Hard missile impact on plates and tubes. Seminar on the State of the Art in the Simulation of
Impulsive and Impact Loading St Peters College Oxford.
Nelson, J.A. (1985). Empirical equations for the perforation of mild steel plates. Int .J. Impact Engrg., 3: 137-142.
Ohte, S., Yoshizawa, H., Chiba, N. and Shida, S. (1982). Impact Strength of Steel Plates Struck by Projectiles. Bull
JSME 25. 206: 1226-1231.
Paul, B. and Zaid, M. (1958). Normal perforation of a thin plate by truncated projectiles" J Franklin nstitute (256):
317-335.
Pradhan, P.K., Gupta, N.K., Ahmad, S., Biswas, P.P., Dayanand. (2017). Numerical Investigations of Spherical
Projectile Impact on 4mm Thick Mild Steel Plate. 11th International Symposium on Plasticity and Impact
Mechanics, Implast., :109-115.
Recht, R.F. and Ipson, T.W. (1963). Ballistic perforation dynamics. J. Applied. Mech (30):384- 390.
Robinson, B. (1742). The New Principles of Gunnery.
Rosenbery, Z. and Dekel, E. 2016. Terminal Balistics. 2nd Edition ed. Singapore: Springer.
Shadi, B., Owais, S., Mohammad, A. (2015). Similitude and Scaling Laws - Static and dynamic behaviour of beams
and plates. 1st International Conference on Structural Integrity..
Shen, W.Q and Jones, N. (1991a). Mechanics of Structures and Machines. 19 ( 4) :PP.527-549.
Shen, W.Q and Jones, N. (1993b). Int. J. Impact Engng., 13 (4)
Shen, W.Q and Jones, N. (1993). Dynamic Plastic Response and Failure of Clamped Beam Struck Transversely by a
Mass. Int. J. Solids Structures 30 (12): 1631-1648.
Sonin, A., (2001). The Physical Basis of Dimensional Analysis. Cambridge M.A
Stronge, W.J. In metal forming and impact mechanics. Reid, S.R. (2016) (ed) Pentagon press: PP 289-302.
Stronge, W.J. (2018). Impact Mechanics. First ed. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Srivathsa, B., Ramakrishnan N. (1997). On the ballistic performance of metalic materials. Bull. Mater. Sci., 1 (20):
111-123.
Taylor, G.I. (1948). The Formation and enlargement of a circular hole in a thin plastic sheet. Quart .J. Mechanical
Appl. Math. 1: 103-124.
Taylor G.I. (1948). The formation and enlargement of circular hole in a thin plastic sheet. Quart .J. Mech Appl.
Math. 1: 103-124.
Thompson, W.T. (1955). An approximate theory of armour penetration. J. Appl. Phys. 26 (1): 80-82.
Voyiadjis, G. Z., Deliktas, B., Palazotlo, N.A. (2009). Thermodynamically consistent coupled viscoplastic damage
model for perforation and penetration in metal matrix composite material. Elseiver, part B (40): 427-433.
Voyiadijis, G., (2013). "Coupled Viscoplastic Damage Model for Hypervelocity Impact Induced Damage in Metals
and Composites". Material under Extreme Loading: Application to Penetration and Impact.
Warren, T.L. and Poorman, K.L., (2001). Penetration of 6061-T6511 aluminum targets by Orgive-nosed VAR 4340
Steel Projectiels at Oblique Angles Experiements and Simulations. International Journal of Impact
Engineering, 25:. 993-1022.
Wessman, W.E. and Rose, W.A. (1942). Aerial Bombardment Protection. America.
Wen, M-H. and Jones, N. (1992). Semi-empirical equation for the perforation of plates struck by a mass. In structures
under shock and impact. Bulson, P.S (ed) Computational mechanics publication: 368-380.
Wen, W.H. and Reid, S.R. (1998). Deformation and Perforation of cylindrical shells struck normally by blunt projectiles International Journal of Pressure vessel and piping (75): 213- 219.
Wen, H. (2000). Predictin the Penetration and Perforation of FRP Laminates Struck Normally by Projectiels with Different Nose Shapes. Composite Structures, 49(3): 321-327.
Zaid, M. and Paul, B. (1957). Mechanics of high- speed projectile perforation” J. Franklin Institute (256): 317-335.
Zukas, A.J., Scheffler, D.R. (2000). Practical aspect of numerical simulations of dynamic events: effects of meshing. Army Research Laboratory.
Alves, M. and Jones, N. (2002) Impact Failure of Beams Using Damage Mechanics Part II Application. 27 (8): 863-890.
Albrecht, M.C., Nuchtshem, C.J., Albrecht, T.A. and Cook, R.D. (2013). Experimental Dimensional Analysis. Technometric, 55 (50).
Anderson Jr, C.E., Mullin, S.A. and Kuhlman, C.J. (1993). Computer simulation of strain rate effects in replica scale model penetration experiments. Int. J. Impact Engng 13: 35-52.
Anderson and Bodner (1988). Balistic Impact: The Status of Analytical and Numerical Modelling. International Jorunal of Impact Engineering.
Arias, A., Rodriguez-Martinez, JR., Rusknek, A. (2008). Numerical simulations of impact behaviour of thin steel plates subject to cylindrical conical and hemispherical non- deformable projectiles. Eng. Fract. Mech., 6 (75):1635-56.
Awerbuch, J. and Bunder, S.R. (1974). Analysis of the mechanics of perforation of thing plates by hemispherically tipped projectile. Int J Solid Structures 10: 671-684
Awerbuch, J. (1970). A mechanics approach to projectile penetration Israel J. Tech 8: 375- 383.
Baker, JF. (1943). The design of war time structures. The Civil Engineer at war, Inst of Civil Engrs, Vol 3.
Bangash, M.Y.H. (1993). Impact and Explosion: Structural Analysis and Design. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Backman, M.E. and Goldsmith, W. (1978). The mechanics of penetration of projectiles into targes. Int. J. Engrg. Sci. 16: 1-99.
Bangash, M.Y.H. (2009) Shock Impact and Explosions Structural Analysis and design London UK.
Ben-Dor, G., Dubinsky, A., Elperin, T. (2006). Effects of air gaps on the ballistic ressitance of ductile shields perorated by non-conical impators. Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 1 (2): 279-299.
Ben-Dor, G., Dubinsky, A., Elperin, T. (2010). Effect of layering on ballistic properties of metallic shields against sharp-nosed rigid projectiles. Eng. Fract. Mech., 77: 2791-9.
Booth, E., Collier, D. and Miles, J.C. (1983) In structural crash worthiness (Jones, N and Wierzbicki,T. (ed)) Butterworth: 136-174.
Borvik, T., Langseth, M., Hopperstad, O.S., Malo, K.A. (1999). Ballistic Penetration of Steel Plates. Int. J. Impact Engng, 22: 855-886.
Borvik, T., Hopperstad, O.S., Langseht, M., Malo, K.A. (2003). Effect of Target Thickness in Blunt Projectile Penetration of Weldox 460E Steel Plates. Int. J. Impact Eng. , 4(28): 413-464.
Borvik, T., Langseth, M., Hopperstad, O.S., Malo, K.A. (2001). Perforation of 12mm thick steel plates by 20mm diameter projectiles with flat, hemispherical and conical noses part I: Experimental study. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 27: 19-35.
Chen, X., Li, Q.M. (2003). Plugging and perforation of ductile circular plates struct by a blunt projectile. Int. J. Impact Eng. , 5 (28): 513-536.
Christopherson, D.G. (1946) Structural Defence Ministry of Home Security, Research and Experiment Department, R.C 450.
Christoforous, A.P., Yigit, A.S., Majeed, M. (2013). Low Impact Velocity Impact Response for Structures with Local Plastic Deformation: Characterization and Scalling. Journal of Computational Nonlinear Dynamic, 8: 011012-1.
Corbett, G.G. and Reid, S.R. (1993). Quasi-Static and dynamic local loading of monolithic simply-supported steel
plates. Int. J. impact Engng 13: 432-441
Corbett, G.G., Reid, S.R. and Johnosn, W. (1996). The impact loading of plates by free flying projectiles: A review. Int. J. Impact Engng 2 (18): 141-230.
Corran, R.S.J., Shadbolt, P.J., Ruiz, C. (1983). Impact loading of plates - an experimental investigation. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1 (1): 3-22.
Dallard, P.R.B. and Miles, J.C. (1984). In structural impact and crash worthiness. Marton, J. (ed) Elsevier Applied Science 2: 379-382.
De Rauvray, A., Arnaudeau, F., Duios, J., Chedmal, F.J and Haug, E. (1984). In Structural Impact and Crashworthiness. (Davies, G.A.O. ed) Elsevier Applied Science 1: 193- 242.
Dey, S., Borvik, T., Hopperstad, O.S., Leinum, JR., Langseht, M. (2004). The effect of target strenght on the perforation of steel plates uing three different nose shapes. Int. J. Impact Eng.,30: 1005-1038.
Dey, S., Borvik, T., Teng, X., Wierzbicki, T., Hopperstad, O.S. (2007). On the ballistic resistance of doublelayered steel plates: An experimental and numerical Invesigation. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 6701-6723.
Duffel, T.A., Cheresh, M.C. and Surtherland, S.H. (1984). Experimental invesitigation of scalling laws for punchimpact
loaded structures. Int. J. Impact Engng., 2: 103-117.
Feyel, F. and Chaboche, J.L. (2000). FE2 Multiscale approch for modelling the elastoviscoplastic behaviour of long fiber SiC/Ti composite materials. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 183(3-4): 309-330.
Goldsmith, W. and Finnegan, S.A. (1971). Penetration and perforation process in metal targets at and above ballistic velocities. Int J. Mech Sci. 13: 843-866.
Iqbal, M.A., Gupta, N.K . (2008). Energy absoption characteristuc of aluminum plates subject to projectile impact. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 5 (4): 259-87.
Johnson, W. (1972). Impact strength of materials. London: Edward Arnold.
Jonas, G.H and Zukas, A.J. (1978). Mechanics of penetration: analysis and experiment. Int. J. Engng Sci., 16: 879- 904.
Jones, N. (1993c). Recent Studies on the Response of Structures Subject to Large Impact Loads. The Society of Naval and Architecture and Marine Engineers and The Ship Structure Committee Symposium '93.
Jones, N. (1984). In structural impact and crash worthiness. Davies G.O (ed) Elsevier Applied Science 2: 369-382.
Jones, N., Birch, R.S., Duan, R. (2008). Low velocity perforation of mild steel rectangular plates with projectiles having different shaped impact faces. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 130(3): 031206-1-031206-8.
Jones, N. and Paik, J.K. (2012). Impact Perforation of Steel Plates. Ships and offshore structures.
Kane, A., Borvik, T., Hopperstad, O.S., Langsethe, M. (2009). Finite Element Anlaysis of Plugging Faliure in Steel Plates Struck by Blnt Projectiles. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 76: 0513021- 1.
Kar, A.K. (1978a). Impact load for tornado generated missile Nuclear Engineering and Design 47 (1): 107-114.
Kar, A.K. (1978b). Loading time history for tornado generated missile. Nuclear Engineering and Design 141 (3): 375-385.
Karamnejad, A. and Sluys, L.J. (2014) Modeling Concrete Under High Frequency Loading Using a Multi-Scale Method. Computational Modeling of Concrete Structures Taylor and Fanccies Group, ISBN 978-1-138- 00145-9.
Kouznetsova, V., Brekelmans, W. A. M. and Baaijens, F.P.T. (2001). An approach to micro-macro modelling of heterogeneous materials. Compuatational Mechanics, 27 (1): 37-48.
Levy, N. and Goldsmith, W. (1984). Normal impact and perforation for thin plates by hemispherically tipped projectile Int J Impact Engng., 2: 209-229.
Levy, N. and Goldsmith, W. (1984). Normal impact and perforation for thin plates by hemispherically tipped projectile. Int J Impact Engng., 2: 299-234.
Li, Q.M., Reid, S.R., Wen, H.M. and Telford, A.R. (2005). Local Impact Effects of Hard Missile on Concrete Targets. International Journal of Impact Engineering 32: 224- 284.
Liang, C.C., Yang, M.F., Wu, P.W., Teng, T.L. (2005). Resistance of prformace of multi-layered targents using an estimation procedure with marine application. Ocean Engineering, 32(3- 4): 441-468.
Mohotti, D., Ali, M., Ngo, T., Lu, J., Mendis, P., Dong, R. (2013). Out-of-Plane Impact resistance of Aluminium Plates Subjected to Low Velocity Impacts. Material and Design, 50: 413-426.
Muncaster, R. (1993) A level physics (4th edition) Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd
Mughal, M.A., Smith, S.J. and Roberts, A.C. (1994). Design Guide for Structures Subject to Impulse and Impactive Loads.
Neilson, A.J. (1980). Missile Impact on Metal Structures. Nuclear Energy 19 (3): 191-198.
Neilson, A.J. (1983). Hard missile impact on plates and tubes. Seminar on the State of the Art in the Simulation of
Impulsive and Impact Loading St Peters College Oxford.
Nelson, J.A. (1985). Empirical equations for the perforation of mild steel plates. Int .J. Impact Engrg., 3: 137-142.
Ohte, S., Yoshizawa, H., Chiba, N. and Shida, S. (1982). Impact Strength of Steel Plates Struck by Projectiles. Bull
JSME 25. 206: 1226-1231.
Paul, B. and Zaid, M. (1958). Normal perforation of a thin plate by truncated projectiles" J Franklin nstitute (256):
317-335.
Pradhan, P.K., Gupta, N.K., Ahmad, S., Biswas, P.P., Dayanand. (2017). Numerical Investigations of Spherical
Projectile Impact on 4mm Thick Mild Steel Plate. 11th International Symposium on Plasticity and Impact
Mechanics, Implast., :109-115.
Recht, R.F. and Ipson, T.W. (1963). Ballistic perforation dynamics. J. Applied. Mech (30):384- 390.
Robinson, B. (1742). The New Principles of Gunnery.
Rosenbery, Z. and Dekel, E. 2016. Terminal Balistics. 2nd Edition ed. Singapore: Springer.
Shadi, B., Owais, S., Mohammad, A. (2015). Similitude and Scaling Laws - Static and dynamic behaviour of beams
and plates. 1st International Conference on Structural Integrity..
Shen, W.Q and Jones, N. (1991a). Mechanics of Structures and Machines. 19 ( 4) :PP.527-549.
Shen, W.Q and Jones, N. (1993b). Int. J. Impact Engng., 13 (4)
Shen, W.Q and Jones, N. (1993). Dynamic Plastic Response and Failure of Clamped Beam Struck Transversely by a
Mass. Int. J. Solids Structures 30 (12): 1631-1648.
Sonin, A., (2001). The Physical Basis of Dimensional Analysis. Cambridge M.A
Stronge, W.J. In metal forming and impact mechanics. Reid, S.R. (2016) (ed) Pentagon press: PP 289-302.
Stronge, W.J. (2018). Impact Mechanics. First ed. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Srivathsa, B., Ramakrishnan N. (1997). On the ballistic performance of metalic materials. Bull. Mater. Sci., 1 (20):
111-123.
Taylor, G.I. (1948). The Formation and enlargement of a circular hole in a thin plastic sheet. Quart .J. Mechanical
Appl. Math. 1: 103-124.
Taylor G.I. (1948). The formation and enlargement of circular hole in a thin plastic sheet. Quart .J. Mech Appl.
Math. 1: 103-124.
Thompson, W.T. (1955). An approximate theory of armour penetration. J. Appl. Phys. 26 (1): 80-82.
Voyiadjis, G. Z., Deliktas, B., Palazotlo, N.A. (2009). Thermodynamically consistent coupled viscoplastic damage
model for perforation and penetration in metal matrix composite material. Elseiver, part B (40): 427-433.
Voyiadijis, G., (2013). "Coupled Viscoplastic Damage Model for Hypervelocity Impact Induced Damage in Metals
and Composites". Material under Extreme Loading: Application to Penetration and Impact.
Warren, T.L. and Poorman, K.L., (2001). Penetration of 6061-T6511 aluminum targets by Orgive-nosed VAR 4340
Steel Projectiels at Oblique Angles Experiements and Simulations. International Journal of Impact
Engineering, 25:. 993-1022.
Wessman, W.E. and Rose, W.A. (1942). Aerial Bombardment Protection. America.
Wen, M-H. and Jones, N. (1992). Semi-empirical equation for the perforation of plates struck by a mass. In structures
under shock and impact. Bulson, P.S (ed) Computational mechanics publication: 368-380.
Wen, W.H. and Reid, S.R. (1998). Deformation and Perforation of cylindrical shells struck normally by blunt projectiles International Journal of Pressure vessel and piping (75): 213- 219.
Wen, H. (2000). Predictin the Penetration and Perforation of FRP Laminates Struck Normally by Projectiels with Different Nose Shapes. Composite Structures, 49(3): 321-327.
Zaid, M. and Paul, B. (1957). Mechanics of high- speed projectile perforation” J. Franklin Institute (256): 317-335.
Zukas, A.J., Scheffler, D.R. (2000). Practical aspect of numerical simulations of dynamic events: effects of meshing. Army Research Laboratory.
Published
2020-02-15
How to Cite
Aliyu, O. H. (2020). A Review on Mechanics of Impacts on Steel Plates. Journal of Engineering Research, 24(1), 12-28. Retrieved from http://jer.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/583
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