Phase and Micro-Chemical Characterization of Water Works Sludge Minerals and their Thermally-Decomposed Products
Keywords:
amorphous silica, gamma-alumina, kaolinite, meta-kaolinite, Water works sludge
Abstract
Environmental Regulations worldwide have created a critical need for a long term approach to sludge management for environmental sustainability. Several sludge disposal concepts adopt the reuse of sludge as a viable alternative to material application and utilization in engineering design. In-depth understanding of the mineralogical compositions of water works sludge and its decomposed products became inevitable for optimal use in engineering applications. In this paper, sludge from Lower Usuma Dam Water Treatment Plant (LUDWTP), Abuja, Nigeria is assessed for reuse potentials in engineering applications. The processing steps considered include gravity thickening, air drying and thermal treatment at temperatures of 105 oC, 800 oC and 1000 oC respectively. The effect of temperature on the microstructure and chemical properties of the resultant sludge ash were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The results
showed the presence of phyllosilicates. The thermally-treated sludge at 105 oC did not show significant changes in structure while the diffraction patterns at 800 oC gave a featureless x-ray band of amorphous meta-kaolinite and the formation of gamma-alumina and amorphous silica at 1000 oC. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) tests showed that the metal leaching level is within the acceptable National and International environmental limits
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?-alumina nanocrystals from aluminum acetylacetonate in no aqueous media,
Small, 3(5): 763-767
solid waste incinerator ash masonry bricks, ACI Materials Journal, 91(3): 256–
263
Anderson, M., Skerratt, R. G., Thomas, J. P., and Clay S. D. (1996). Case study
involving using fluidised bed incinerator sludge ash as a partial clay substitute in
brick manufacture, Water Science and Technology, 34(3-4): 507-515.
Anyakora, N. V., Ajinomoh, C. S., Ahmed, A. S., Mohammed-Dabo, I. A. et al. (2012).
Sustainable technology-based strategy for processing water works sludge for
resource utilization. World Journal of Engineering and Pure and Applied
Sciences, 2(5): 161-168,
Anyakora, N. V (2013). Characterisation and Performance Evaluation of Water Works
Sludge as Bricks Material, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
ISSN2305-8269, 3(3): 69 – 79,
Anwarul, Haq., Yaseen, Iqbal. and Muhammad, Riaz, Khan. (2009). Phase and
microstructural characterization of kaolin clays from North Western Pakistan. J.
Pak Mater. Soc 3 (2):77-90.
Belver, C., Munoz, M. A. B. and Vicente, M. A. (2002). Chemical activation of a kaolinite
under acid and alkaline conditions. Chemistry of Materials, 14 (5): 2033-2043.
Callister, D. (1999) Material science and engineering, an introduction. John Wiley and
Sons, Inc, U.S.A. pp.419-427
Casado-Vela J., Sellés S., and Navarro, J. (2006). Evaluation of composted sewage
sludge as nutritional source for horticultural soils. Waste Management, 26(9):
946–952.
Chen, Pei-Yuan (1977). Table of key Lines in X-Ray powder diffraction patterns of
minerals in clays and associated rocks. Department of Natural Resources
Geological Survey Occasional paper N. 21. Geological Survey, Bloomington,
Indiana, USA. pp. 11- 20
Dayton, E. A., and Basta, N. T. (2001). Characterization of drinking water treatment
residuals for use as a soil substitute, Water Environ. Res. 73: 52-59
Dunster, A. and Petavratzi, E. (2016). Characterization of Mineral Wastes, Resources
and Processing Technologies – Integrated Waste Management for the
Production of Construction Material, Water Treatment Residues as a Clay
replacement and Colorant in Facing Bricks. WRT177/WR0115,
http://www.academia.edu/23012862/Characterisation_of_Mineral_Wastes_Reso
urces_and_Processing_technologies_Integrated_waste_management_for_the_p
roduction_of_construction_material_Water_treatment_residues_as_a_clay_repla
cement_and_colorant_in_facing_bricks, accessed on 10th June, 2016.
Gonzalez, A., Carrere, S., and Ruiz, M. (2007). Phase transformation in clays and kaolin
Produced by thermal treatment in chlorine and air atmospheres. Latin America
Applied Research. 37:133-139.Hosseini, S. A., Niaei, A. and Salari, D. (2011)
Production of ?-Al2O3 from kaolin, Open Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1, 23-27.
Karayildirim, T., Yanik, J., Yuksel, M., and Bockhorn, H. (2006) Characterization of
products from pyrolysis of waste sludges. Fuel, 85(10-11): 1498–1508
Liu, Q., Wang, A. Q., Wang, X. H., Guo, W. D., and Zhang, T. (2008) Synthesis,
Characterization and catalytic applications of mesoporous ?-alumina from
boehmite Sol., microporous and mesoporous. Materials, 111(1-3): 323-333.
Mineralogy Database (2013). Kaolinite Mineral Data, Retrieved May 8, 2013, from
http://www.webmineral.com/data/Kaolinite.shtml
Monzó, J., Paya, J., Borrachero, M. V., and Córcoles, A. (1996). Use of sewage sludge
ash (SSA) - cement admixtures in mortars. Cement and Concrete Research,
26(9): 1389–1398.
Monzó, J., Payá, J., Borrachero, M. V., and Peris-Mora, E. (1999). Mechanical behavior
of mortars containing sewage sludge ash (SSA) and Portland cements with
different tri-calcium aluminate content. Cement and Concrete Research, 29(1):
87-94, 1999
Murray, H. (2002). Industrial clays case study. Mining, minerals and Sustainable
Development. 64, 1-9.
NESREA (2009). National Environmental (Sanitation and Waste Control) Regulations
2009, S.I. No. 28, Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, The Federal
Government Printer, Abuja, Nigeria, FGP 112/102009/1000(OL 54), pp. 1057-
1102, http://www.nesrea.gov.ng/regulations/index.php.
Odegaard, H., Paulsrud, B., and Karlsson, I. (2002). Wastewater sludge as a resource:
Sludge disposal strategies and corresponding treatment technologies aimed at
sustainable handling of wastewater sludge. Water Science and Technology,
46(10): 295–303.
Park, Y. J., and Heo, J. (2002). Vitrification of fly ash from municipal solid waste
Incinerator, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 91(1-3): 83-93
Syed, R. Q. (2004) Water works engineering planning, design and operation. PrenticeHall, Inc, U.S.A. pp.42-57.
Tantawy, M. A, El-Roudi A. M, Abdalla E. M., and Abdelzaher M. A. (2012). Evaluation
of the Pozzolanic Activity of Sewage Sludge Ash, International Scholarly
Research Network ISRN Chemical Engineering, Article ID 487037,
doi:10.5402/2012/487037: 1-9, www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/487037.
pdf, accessed on 10th June, 2016.
Tay, J. H, Yip, W. K., and Show, K. Y. (1991). Clay-blended sludge as lightweight
aggregate concrete material. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 117(6): 834–
844
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1988). Test methods for evaluating
solid waste, Volume J C: Laboratory Manual Physical, Chemical Methods. 3rd
Ed., PB88-239223. Solid Waste Emerg. Resp. Washington, D.C, U.S.A
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1996). Technology transfer handbookmanagement of water treatment plant residual, American Water Works
Association, New York, U.S.A.
Vieira, C. M. F., Margem, J. I., and Monteiro, S. N. (2008). Microstructural changes of
clayey ceramic incorporated with sludge from water treatment plant. Revista
Materia, 13, 275-281.
Wen-Ten, K., Kar-Long, L., and Wei-Che, (2006). Effects of nano-materials on
properties of water works sludge ash cement paste. Journal of Industrial
Engineering Chem., 12(5): 702-709.
Zhou, S. X., Antonietti, M., and Niederberger, M. (2007). Low-temperature synthesis of
?-alumina nanocrystals from aluminum acetylacetonate in no aqueous media,
Small, 3(5): 763-767
Published
2019-02-23
How to Cite
Anyakora, N. V., Ajinomoh, C. S., Ahmed, A. S., Mohammed-Dabo, I. A., Ejeh, S. P., Okuofu, C. A., & Abba, H. (2019). Phase and Micro-Chemical Characterization of Water Works Sludge Minerals and their Thermally-Decomposed Products. Journal of Engineering Research, 21(1), 9-20. Retrieved from http://jer.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/281
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