Assessment of Groundwater Suitability for Industrial Purpose in Oredo LGA of Benin City, Nigeria Using Langelier Saturation Index
Keywords:
Groundwater Quality, Langelier Saturation Index, Corrosion, Physiochemical Analysis, Oredo LGA.
Abstract
Most industries make use of groundwater resources not only where surface water is limited in quantity but also where quality is paramount. However, corrosion is an inherent problem associated with some groundwater, and it is a pernicious process that impairs the efficiency of industries. Hydro-chemical parameters (such as pH, electrical conductivity, hardness, etc.) provide valuable information, but they do not cover all aspects of industrial suitability. The presence of certain ions (e.g., Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) can lead to corrosion behavior in groundwater, and the ionic exchange between these ions can affect the stability of pipes, machinery, and infrastructure used in industrial operations. Hence, different techniques (besides hydrochemical) are now being used to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for industrial uses. In this study, groundwater samples were randomly collected from fifteen different boreholes in the Oredo Local Government Area and investigated for their suitability for industrial purposes. These samples were collected within the period of May to June 2023. In order to assess the groundwater quality, these samples were analyzed for some selected parameters, namely: pH, Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Potassium (K+), Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Nitrite (NO2-), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulfate (SO42-), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Ammonium Nitrogen (NH4N), and Coliforms. Based on this, the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) was used to determine the suitability of groundwater for industrial purposes. The results of the groundwater quality analysis revealed that the groundwater is warm and acidic in nature. The LSI results indicated that the groundwater has a high corrosion tendency; thus, there is a possibility for corrosion to take place in industrial equipment when used, which may hinder the efficiency of the industry. Therefore, regular monitoring and treatment of the groundwater before industrial use are essential.
References
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Achadu, M. A., Uyigue, L. and Obahiagbon, K.O. (2018). Analysis of the Interactions of Dumpsite with Leachate and Groundwater in Benin City and Port Harcourt. International Journal of Engineering and Modern Technology, 4 (3): 40-51.
Adegbite, J.T., Aigbogun, C. O. and Kuforijimi, O. (2018). Physiochemical Analysis of the Quality of Groundwater in Egbeta, Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 6(3): 9-32
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Agossou, A. and Yang, Y. (2021). Comparative Study of Groundwater Vulnerability to Contamination Assessment Methods Applied to the Southern Coastal Sedimentary Basin of Benin. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 35: 1-20
Alley, E. R. and DAAEE, P.E. (2007). Water Quality Control Handbook, 2nd Edition, New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Mikan, New Delhi, San Juan, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto, Water Environment Federation (WEF) Press Alexandria, Viginia.
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Balogun, V. S. and Orimoogunje, O. O. I. (2015). An Assessment of Seasonal Variation of Air Pollution in Benin City, Southern Nigeria. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 5: 209-218
Chan, C. L., Zalifah, M. K. and Norrakiah, A. S. (2007). Microbiological and Physiochemical Quality of Drinking Water. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 11 (2): 414 – 420
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Ikhile, C. I. (2016). Geomorphology and Hydrology of the Benin Region, Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Geosciences, 7: 144-157
Islam, Md. S. and Mostafa, M. G. (2023). Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater for Industrial Uses in Terms of Storability and Corrosivity. Journal of Pollution and Effects on Community Health, 1(1): 1-20
Kumar, S. K., Logeshkumaran A., Magesh N. S., Godson, P. S. and Chandrasekar, N. (2015). Hydro-geochemistry and application of water quality index (WQI) for groundwater quality assessment, Anna Nagar, part of Chennai City, Tamil Nadu, India. Applied Water Science, 5:335–343.
Lenntech, (2021). Langelier Saturation Index Calculator. Available online from: https://www.lenntech.com/calculators/langelier, Accesses 07/10/2021
Lewin, P. (2023). Chloride in Drinking Water: Health Effects and 3 Ways to Remove it. Home Water Research. Available online from: http://homewaterresearch.com/chloride-in-drinking-water/, Accessed 10/06/2023
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Mirzabeygi, M., Naji, M., Yousefi, N., Shams, M., Biglari, H., & Mahvi, A. H. (2016). Evaluation of Corrosion and Scaling Tendency Indices in Water Distribution System: A Case Study of Torbat Heydariye, Iran. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(54): 25918–25926.
Mirzabeygi, M., Yousefi, N., Abbasnia, A., Youzi, H., Alikhani, M., & Mahvi, A. H. (2017). Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and Assessment of Scaling Potential and Corrosiveness of Water Supply Networks, Iran. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - Aqua, 66(6),: 416–425.
Mohammadi, A. A., NajafiSaleh, H., Mahvi, A. H., Alimohammadi, M., Nabizadeh, R. and Yousefi, M. (2018). Data on Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Drinking Water Resources Using Stability Indices in Jolfa, East Azerbaijan, Iran. Data in Brief, 16: 724– 731.
Nicole, M. B., Robin, W., Christian, M. and Mario, S. (2019). A Review of Treat to Groundwater Quality in the Anthropocene. Science of the Total Environment, 684: 36-154
NIS, Nigerian Industrial Standard (2015). Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), NIS 554: 17–21
NPC (National Population Commission), (2006). Nigeria National Census
Ogbeifun, D. E., Archibong, U. D., Chiedu, I. E. and Ikpe, E. E. (2019). Assessment of the Water Quality of Boreholes in Selected Areas in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Chemical Science International Journal, 28(2): 1-13
Ojiako, J. C., Igbokwe, E. C. and Oliha, A. (2018). Creation of Geospatial Database for Educational Facilities in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 8(2) Ver. IV (Mar. – Apr.):72-84
Omeka, M. E, Egbueri, J. C., Unigwe, C. O. (2022) Investigating the Hydrogeochemistry, Corrosivity and Scaling Tendencies of Groundwater in an Agrarian Area (Nigeria) Using Graphical, Indexical and Statistical Modelling. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15:1233-1256.
Omoigberale, M. O., Ogbeibu, A. E. and Olotu, N. O. (2009). Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 18(2): 11-20.
Orjiekwe, C. L., Dumo, D. T. and Chinedu, N. B. (2013). Assessment of Water Quality of Ogbese River in Ovia North-East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 7(6): 2581-2590.
Panaskar, D. B., Wagh, V. M., Muley, A. A., Mukate, S. V., Pawar, R. S. and Aamalawa, M. L. (2016). Evaluating Groundwater Suitability for the Domestic, Irrigation, and Industrial Purposes in Nanded Tehsil, Maharashtra, India, Using GIS and Statistics. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9 (615)
Peterson N., Kennedy, M. (1997). Water Quality Trends and Geological Mass Balance. John Whiley and Sons, pp: 139-179
Rawlings, A. and Ikediashi, A. I. (2020). Impact of Urbanizing Ovia-North East on the Quality of Groundwater using Water Quality Index. Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology (NIJEST), 4 (1): 87 – 96.
Sajil-Kumar, P. J. (2019). Assessment of Corrosion and Scaling Potential of the Groundwater in the Thanjavur District Using Hydrogeochemical Analysis and Spatial Modeling Techniques. SN Applied Sciences, 1:395
Srigirisetty, S., Jayasri, T. and Netaji, C. (2017). Open Dumping of Municipal Solid Waste-Impact on Groundwater and Soil. International Journal of Current Engineering and Scientific Research, 4(6):26-33.
UGA (University of Georgia) Extension, (2020). Corrosive or Scaling Water. Available Online from: extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=C858-9, Accessed 02/03/2023
Valdez, B., Schorr, M., Zlatev, R., Carrillo, M., Stoytcheva, M., Alvarez, L., Eliezer, A. and Rosas, N. (2012). Corrosion Control in Industry. Environmental and Industrial Corrosion: Practical and Theoretical Aspect, Benjamin Valdez and Michael Schorr Edition, IntechOpen, London.
WHO, (2017). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 4th Edition, Incorporating the First Addendum, 307-442
WHO, World Health Organisation (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 4th Edition, 7853-7859
Abbasniaa, A., Yousefia, N., Mahvia, A. H., Nabizadeha, R., Radfardc, M., Yousefia, M. and Alimohammadia, M. (2018). Evaluation of Groundwater Quality using Water Quality Index and Its Suitability for Assessing Water for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes: Case Study of Sistan and Baluchistan province (Iran). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 1-19.
Achadu, M. A., Uyigue, L. and Obahiagbon, K.O. (2018). Analysis of the Interactions of Dumpsite with Leachate and Groundwater in Benin City and Port Harcourt. International Journal of Engineering and Modern Technology, 4 (3): 40-51.
Adegbite, J.T., Aigbogun, C. O. and Kuforijimi, O. (2018). Physiochemical Analysis of the Quality of Groundwater in Egbeta, Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 6(3): 9-32
Agatemor, C. and Okolo, P. O. (2007). University of Benin Water Supply System: Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Assessments. Environmentalist, 27:227–239.
Agossou, A. and Yang, Y. (2021). Comparative Study of Groundwater Vulnerability to Contamination Assessment Methods Applied to the Southern Coastal Sedimentary Basin of Benin. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 35: 1-20
Alley, E. R. and DAAEE, P.E. (2007). Water Quality Control Handbook, 2nd Edition, New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Mikan, New Delhi, San Juan, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto, Water Environment Federation (WEF) Press Alexandria, Viginia.
American Public Health, APHA (1985). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water, 16th edition. American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington DC, USA.
American Public Health, APHA (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th edition. American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington DC, USA.
American Public Health, APHA (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21th edition. American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington DC, USA.
Arthur, D. (Daniel), (2020). Langelier Saturation Index Calculation. Available online from: https://www.watertreatmentbasics.com/langelier-saturation--index/, Accessed 07/10/2023
Balogun, V. S. and Orimoogunje, O. O. I. (2015). An Assessment of Seasonal Variation of Air Pollution in Benin City, Southern Nigeria. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 5: 209-218
Chan, C. L., Zalifah, M. K. and Norrakiah, A. S. (2007). Microbiological and Physiochemical Quality of Drinking Water. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 11 (2): 414 – 420
Egbuer, J. C. (2020): Heavy Metals Pollution Source Identification and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in Onitsha, Nigeria. Analytical Letters, 1-20
Egbueri, J.C., Unigwe, C. O., Omeka, M. E. and Ayejoto, D. A. (2021): Urban Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indicators and Multivariate Statistical Tools: A Case Study in Southeast Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1-28.
Energy Pulse, (2023). Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) and Its Importance in Water Chemistry. Available Online from: https://www.energypurse.com/langelier-saturation-index-lsi-its-importance-in-water-chemistry/, Accessed 02/03/2023
Foster, S. (1998) Groundwater: Assessing Vulnerability and Promoting Protection of a Threatened Resource. Stockholm Water Symposium
Google Earth, (2023). Explore Google Earth. Available online from: https://earth.google.com, Accessed 09/03/2023
Hamzah, Z., Abdul Ghani, H. and Alias, M. (2008). Water Quality Analysis and Its Relation to the Scaling and Corrosion Tendency in an Open Water-Cooling System. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 12 (2): 380 – 383
Hasan, M., Shang, Y., Akhter, G. and Jin, W. (2017). Evaluation of Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Toba Tek Singh District, Pakistan. Irrigation and Drainage Systems Engineering, 6 (1): 1-16.
Hem, J. D. (1985). Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water, 3rd Edition, U.S. Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett St. Alexandria, VA 22304.
Hermann, E. and Prunes, E. (2022). What is Groundwater and Why it is so Important. Available online from: https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/what-is-groundwater-and-why-it-is-so-important, Accessed 21/04/2023
Ikhile, C. I. (2016). Geomorphology and Hydrology of the Benin Region, Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Geosciences, 7: 144-157
Islam, Md. S. and Mostafa, M. G. (2023). Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater for Industrial Uses in Terms of Storability and Corrosivity. Journal of Pollution and Effects on Community Health, 1(1): 1-20
Kumar, S. K., Logeshkumaran A., Magesh N. S., Godson, P. S. and Chandrasekar, N. (2015). Hydro-geochemistry and application of water quality index (WQI) for groundwater quality assessment, Anna Nagar, part of Chennai City, Tamil Nadu, India. Applied Water Science, 5:335–343.
Lenntech, (2021). Langelier Saturation Index Calculator. Available online from: https://www.lenntech.com/calculators/langelier, Accesses 07/10/2021
Lewin, P. (2023). Chloride in Drinking Water: Health Effects and 3 Ways to Remove it. Home Water Research. Available online from: http://homewaterresearch.com/chloride-in-drinking-water/, Accessed 10/06/2023
Manpower, (2023). Oredo Local Government Area. Available online from: https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/273/oredo, Accessed 04/03/2023
McFarland, M. L., Provin, T. L. and Boellstorff, D. E. (2020). Drinking Water Problems: Corrosion. Available online: https:// agrilifebookstore.org, Accessed 27/03/2020
Mirzabeygi, M., Naji, M., Yousefi, N., Shams, M., Biglari, H., & Mahvi, A. H. (2016). Evaluation of Corrosion and Scaling Tendency Indices in Water Distribution System: A Case Study of Torbat Heydariye, Iran. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(54): 25918–25926.
Mirzabeygi, M., Yousefi, N., Abbasnia, A., Youzi, H., Alikhani, M., & Mahvi, A. H. (2017). Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and Assessment of Scaling Potential and Corrosiveness of Water Supply Networks, Iran. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - Aqua, 66(6),: 416–425.
Mohammadi, A. A., NajafiSaleh, H., Mahvi, A. H., Alimohammadi, M., Nabizadeh, R. and Yousefi, M. (2018). Data on Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Drinking Water Resources Using Stability Indices in Jolfa, East Azerbaijan, Iran. Data in Brief, 16: 724– 731.
Nicole, M. B., Robin, W., Christian, M. and Mario, S. (2019). A Review of Treat to Groundwater Quality in the Anthropocene. Science of the Total Environment, 684: 36-154
NIS, Nigerian Industrial Standard (2015). Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), NIS 554: 17–21
NPC (National Population Commission), (2006). Nigeria National Census
Ogbeifun, D. E., Archibong, U. D., Chiedu, I. E. and Ikpe, E. E. (2019). Assessment of the Water Quality of Boreholes in Selected Areas in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Chemical Science International Journal, 28(2): 1-13
Ojiako, J. C., Igbokwe, E. C. and Oliha, A. (2018). Creation of Geospatial Database for Educational Facilities in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 8(2) Ver. IV (Mar. – Apr.):72-84
Omeka, M. E, Egbueri, J. C., Unigwe, C. O. (2022) Investigating the Hydrogeochemistry, Corrosivity and Scaling Tendencies of Groundwater in an Agrarian Area (Nigeria) Using Graphical, Indexical and Statistical Modelling. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15:1233-1256.
Omoigberale, M. O., Ogbeibu, A. E. and Olotu, N. O. (2009). Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 18(2): 11-20.
Orjiekwe, C. L., Dumo, D. T. and Chinedu, N. B. (2013). Assessment of Water Quality of Ogbese River in Ovia North-East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 7(6): 2581-2590.
Panaskar, D. B., Wagh, V. M., Muley, A. A., Mukate, S. V., Pawar, R. S. and Aamalawa, M. L. (2016). Evaluating Groundwater Suitability for the Domestic, Irrigation, and Industrial Purposes in Nanded Tehsil, Maharashtra, India, Using GIS and Statistics. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9 (615)
Peterson N., Kennedy, M. (1997). Water Quality Trends and Geological Mass Balance. John Whiley and Sons, pp: 139-179
Rawlings, A. and Ikediashi, A. I. (2020). Impact of Urbanizing Ovia-North East on the Quality of Groundwater using Water Quality Index. Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology (NIJEST), 4 (1): 87 – 96.
Sajil-Kumar, P. J. (2019). Assessment of Corrosion and Scaling Potential of the Groundwater in the Thanjavur District Using Hydrogeochemical Analysis and Spatial Modeling Techniques. SN Applied Sciences, 1:395
Srigirisetty, S., Jayasri, T. and Netaji, C. (2017). Open Dumping of Municipal Solid Waste-Impact on Groundwater and Soil. International Journal of Current Engineering and Scientific Research, 4(6):26-33.
UGA (University of Georgia) Extension, (2020). Corrosive or Scaling Water. Available Online from: extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=C858-9, Accessed 02/03/2023
Valdez, B., Schorr, M., Zlatev, R., Carrillo, M., Stoytcheva, M., Alvarez, L., Eliezer, A. and Rosas, N. (2012). Corrosion Control in Industry. Environmental and Industrial Corrosion: Practical and Theoretical Aspect, Benjamin Valdez and Michael Schorr Edition, IntechOpen, London.
WHO, (2017). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 4th Edition, Incorporating the First Addendum, 307-442
WHO, World Health Organisation (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 4th Edition, 7853-7859
Published
2024-09-07
How to Cite
Rawlings, A., Ofili, J., & Idehen, G. (2024). Assessment of Groundwater Suitability for Industrial Purpose in Oredo LGA of Benin City, Nigeria Using Langelier Saturation Index. Journal of Engineering Research, 29(1), 1-13. Retrieved from http://jer.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/2190
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